The problem of pests and diseases is often encountered during wheat planting, which seriously affects the yield and quality of wheat. The following small series will tell you about the comprehensive prevention and control technology of wheat pests and diseases.
Main pests of wheat and its control methods
1.1 Wheat aphids
Wheat aphids are one of the important pests of wheat, also known as worms or honey worms, belonging to the Homoptera insects. Aphids are mainly concentrated in the stems, leaves, ears and other parts of wheat. They absorb the sap of this part, affecting photosynthesis of wheat, causing wheat to reduce production, and causing more than 30% loss in severe cases.
1.1.1 Agricultural control:
Clear field weeds and self-growing wheat, reduce the suitable habitat of the wheat stubble and the summer host. The sowing time in winter and spring can be later than the normal sowing period. When planting, the method of deep tillage should be adopted as much as possible, and farmland management measures such as formula fertilization should be combined. Appropriately control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in a timely manner.
1.1.2 Chemical control:
Chemical control is applicable to wheat fields with a rate of 50% at the booting stage and 70% at the grain filling stage. The commonly used chemical agents are 3% aphid æ´£ wettable powder, once clean, 50% anti-carbamate, imidacloprid wettable powder, etc., and are applied to the wheat field by spraying.
1.2 wheat sucking insects
Wheat larvae are one of the main pests of wheat and are devastating and ubiquitous in the world's wheat-growing countries. The wheat larvae mainly suck the wheat sap during the filling stage, causing the glutinous grains and empty shells of the wheat, and even causing the wheat to be rejected in severe cases.
1.2.1 Agricultural control:
Use wheat varieties that are resistant to wheat larvae, or early-maturing wheat varieties. Generally, wheat is irrigated and topdressed in spring. In order to reduce the incidence of wheat midge, the spring irrigation can be appropriately reduced and the application of spring fertilizer can be reduced.
1.2.2 Chemical control:
The chemical agents for prevention and control during the flood season are mainly 2% methyl isoflavin powder, 4% enemy horse powder, 1.5% methyl 1605 powder, etc., which are sprinkled into the soil for control. The chemical agents for adult control are mainly 80% dichlorvos, 40% dimethoate emulsion, 2.5% deltamethrin, etc., and are controlled by spraying.
2 Main diseases of wheat and its control methods
2.1 Wheat scab
Wheat scab is a fungal disease that is one of the major diseases of wheat and usually occurs in wet, semi-humid areas. Wheat scab can occur in various stages of wheat growth, especially at the heading stage, resulting in a large reduction in wheat yield, and in severe cases, a yield reduction of about 40%.
2.1.1 Agricultural control:
Reasonable irrigation and drainage, wetlands should be drained and drained. According to the climate and the growth period of the wheat, appropriate early or delayed planting to avoid the wheat flowering period in the rainy season. After the wheat is ripe, it is necessary to harvest the threshing as soon as possible. After the harvest, the wheat field is deeply ploughed.
2.1.2 Chemical control:
According to the planted wheat varieties, the spraying of the medicament is carried out from the initial period to the full bloom period, and the rainy weather is avoided. The commonly used chemical agents are 40% carbendazim suspension, 50% thiophanate-methyl, etc. Among them, carbendazim has the best effect on wheat scab.
2.2 Wheat sheath blight
Wheat sheath blight is a common disease in the wheat area of ​​China, mainly caused by the infection of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia solani. In the case of wheat sheath blight, there will be symptoms such as rotten buds, dead seedlings, and stalks of flowers and stalks at various stages of development, which seriously affect the wheat filling and poor fruiting, resulting in a significant reduction in wheat yield, and in severe cases, wheat can not be harvested.
2.2.1 Agricultural control:
Choose disease-resistant and disease-resistant varieties, such as Jimai 22 and Zhoumai 22. Reasonable rotation, avoid early sowing, and appropriate delay in sowing. Remove weeds and diseased plants in the field in time, and discharge rainwater from the fields in time.
2.2.2 Chemical control:
Chemical control is usually carried out after the wheat has returned to green and the field disease rate reaches about 15%. The liquid is sprayed on the base lesions of the wheat seed by spraying. Commonly used chemical agents are 12.5% ​​diniconazole, 50% carbendazim, 20% triazolone and the like.
2.3 Wheat rust
Wheat rust, also known as wheat jaundice, is divided into strip rust, leaf rust and stem rust, which occur in most wheat areas of the country, and the damage is quite serious. In 2017, since the discovery of wheat stripe rust on April 20 in Shandong, the spread has spread rapidly, and the extent and area of ​​the province exceeded the 1990s. At present, the condition and spread of wheat stripe rust in Dongshu Town have been basically controlled.
2.3.1 Agricultural control:
Select disease-resistant varieties and strengthen cultivation management. Sowing at the right time, avoiding early sowing, timely irrigation and fertilization of the wheat field. After the harvest, the wheat field is ploughed and sterilized, and the source of sterilization is eliminated.
2.3.2 Chemical control:
Because wheat rust mainly occurs on the back side of wheat leaves, spraying the liquid is mainly sprayed on the back of the leaves. Commonly used chemical agents for controlling wheat rust include powder rust powder or emulsifiable concentrate, cyanocin, diniconazole, and powder fungus.
2.4 Wheat powdery mildew
Wheat powdery mildew is a worldwide disease that occurs in all wheat producing areas and can invade various parts of wheat, mainly leaves and sheaths, which spread faster.
2.4.1 Agricultural control:
Plant resistant varieties, such as Baonong AK58 and Luyuan 502. Reasonably control the planting gap of wheat, timely drainage and fertilization.
2.4.2 Chemical control:
Prevention and treatment of wheat powdery mildew should be prevented at the time of no onset or early onset. Commonly used chemicals are 20% triazolone emulsifiable concentrate, diniconazole wettable powder, etc., which are applied by spraying.
2.5 Wheat leaf blight
Wheat leaf blight is a disease that has occurred in recent years, mainly in the heading stage of wheat. It is mainly caused by infection of wheat leaves and sheaths. It usually causes disease when three leaves are infected. Wheat leaf blight can cause wheat to die, resulting in a significant decline in wheat quality and yield.
2.5.1 Agricultural control:
Choose disease-free or disease-resistant varieties for planting, and plant in appropriate amount. Control the use of NPK fertilizers to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions and control field humidity.
2.5.2 Chemical control:
The seeds are usually mixed with the mold or other drugs before sowing. After the wheat is headed, the drug is sprayed, and the number of spraying is determined according to the condition of the wheat leaf blight. Commonly used chemical agents for controlling wheat leaf blight include diniconazole wettable powder, and chlorfenapyr cream.
The occurrence of wheat pests and diseases has seriously reduced the yield of wheat, and brought huge economic losses to the vast number of farmers and friends, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is very important. Through appropriate control methods, not only can control the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also reduce the cost of prevention, ensure wheat production, achieve high quality, high yield and high efficiency, and increase farmers' income.
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