Proteins are important substances in the life process, and they are the main components that make up the body's structural materials (the composition of cells) and the in vivo metabolically active substances (hormones, enzymes, immune antibodies), and are the raw materials for tissue renewal and repair. Protein accounts for about 50% of the total body mass of animals, and protein content in muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, and other parenchymal organs can be as high as 80% or more. This shows that. The supply of protein in feed plays an important role in livestock life and production. The understanding of protein and amino acid needs of pigs and chickens ranges from the need for total proteins to the requirement of essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids, as well as the availability of amino acid requirements and the concept of intact proteins, leading to the establishment of ideal amino acid model theory (ARC, 1981). NRC, 1988). Amino acids are the basic units that make up proteins, so animal needs for proteins are the need for amino acids. The protein consists of 18 amino acids and two amides. If the composition of the amino acids in the feed protein is complete and balanced, it is highly efficient in converting it into animal body proteins. 1. Some Concepts Concerning Amino Acids Protein synthesis and degradation metabolism in animals is a continuous process. The synthesis of proteins in growing animals is more than decomposition, and synthesis and decomposition are in equilibrium in adulthood, but there are always some amino acids decomposed into urea during this process. Or uric acid excreted. About 60% (growth animals) and 80% (adult animals) of amino acids used for body protein synthesis are derived from degradation of body proteins, and the remaining 20% ​​to 40% must be provided by the feed, which constitutes the amino acid requirement of monogastric animals. 1? Essential amino acids According to the metabolic processes in animals, the animal's need for feed amino acids can be divided into two parts, essential and non-essential. Amino acids are required - they cannot be synthesized or synthesized in animal tissue but they do not meet the needs and must be provided through feed. When the diet lacks certain essential amino acids, normal growth and production of animals are affected. It can be synthesized in animals and it can meet the needs without being directly provided by feed. For growing pigs, there are 10 essential amino acids, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, and valine. As pigs grow into adulthood, their ability to synthesize histidine and arginine gradually increases, and their requirements decrease. Therefore, there are only 8 essential amino acids for adult pigs, and there are 11 essential amino acids for poultry, except for the same ten species as pigs. In addition, there is glycine. Glycine can be synthesized in chickens, but it does not meet its needs (discharge uric acid) and is therefore an essential amino acid. 2? Semi-essential amino acids In addition to non-essential amino acids serine, cystine, tyrosine, because it needs to be synthesized from glycine, methionine and phenylalanine in pigs, thus increasing the animal's three amino acids. Need, it is often called such amino acids as semi-essential amino acids (cysteine ​​in feed can meet the needs of animals can reduce the methionine requirement by 40%, tyrosine meet the need can reduce the phenylalanine requirement 30 %). 3? Non-essential amino acids Non-essential amino acids are those amino acids that can be obtained from animal feeds to meet their own needs by self synthesis or without addition. The amino acids in the feed are classified as necessary and non-essential, but both are necessary for the animal's growth process. Non-essential amino acids typically account for 55% of the total amino acid requirement of the animal. If non-essential amino acids are not sufficient, the body will use essential amino acids to synthesize, resulting in the absence of essential amino acids. Since the turnover rate and degradation rate of various amino acids in animal tissues are different, it cannot be simply concluded that the amino acid composition of muscle tissue is the mode that amino acids need. The need for each essential amino acid should be determined experimentally after satisfying the non-essential amino acid requirement. 4) The amino acids glutamyl amino acids are usually considered as non-essential amino acids. Recent studies have shown that glutamyl ammonia may be a conditionally essential amino acid in some important diseases such as starvation, chemotherapy, and weaning stress. The resulting damage to the small intestine mucosa or depletion of glutamin is necessary, and therefore, it plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the small intestine. Zhang Junmin (2000) research on early weaned piglets confirmed that glutamyl ammonia promotes the growth and development of piglets and maintains the normal structure and function of piglets' intestines. It can improve the body's resistance to injury and protect the intestinal tract. 5? Restricted Amino Acids Amino acids that do not meet the nutritional needs of pigs in feeds or diets, and these insufficiency of amino acids affect the use of other amino acids are called restricted amino acids, and different feeds have different limiting amino acids. Lysine and methionine are satisfied in certain low protein diets (addition of crystalline amino acids), and as a result, other limiting amino acids such as threonine, tryptophan, and arginine may appear. The process of studying the amino acid requirement of pigs and chickens is to continuously find and solve the problem of different types of dietary restriction amino acids. The main methods for determining the protein and amino acid requirement of pigs and pigs are feeding tests and factorials. The feeding trials use a basal diet that lacks measured amino acids, and gradually increase the amino acid synthesis to find the maximum growth of animals. The minimum required amount of this essential amino acid for production performance. The factorization method estimates the total protein and amino acid needs by estimating the physiological processes of animal maintenance, growth, production, and feathers, and the overall growth rate and feed utilization.
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Special taboo
1>, rose tea has the effect of convergence, constipation are not suitable for drinking.
2>, the role of rose blood silt is relatively strong, excessive menstrual flow of people should not drink during menstruation.
3>, Wei Han, diarrhea, often feel tired, frail persons should not take.
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