With the rapid development of the feed industry, trace element feed additives have experienced first-generation inorganic mineral salts (such as zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium selenite, etc.) and second-generation organic mineral salts (such as citric acid). The development of zinc and copper gluconate, etc.) and third-generation trace elements - amino acid chelating salts (such as lysine iron, copper methionine, and lysine selenium, etc.). Amino acid trace element chelate is a new type of feed additive made by chemically sequestering amino acids or short peptides and trace elements. It can improve the absorption and utilization of metal ions in the body, prevent trace elements from forming insoluble substances and certain The effect of sterilization and improvement of immune function is very obvious in improving livestock production performance and anti-stress ability, especially in dairy cow production, due to the complex structure of the digestive system, many factors will affect the absorption of trace elements. The use of inorganic trace elements in the rumen and the contents of insoluble salts, the absorption rate is very low, most excreted by the feces, and amino acid trace element chelates have good stability and pass rumen function, direct amino acid chelation The complete form of the substance enters the small intestine and is absorbed and metabolized. The absorption rate is 2 to 6 times that of the inorganic salt, which meets the nutritional needs of dairy cows for trace elements.
The Properties, Species and Metabolic Mechanism of 1 Amino Acid Trace Element Chelate
The amino acid trace element chelate is formed by covalent bonding of a metal ion (such as Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, etc.) and an amino acid in a soluble metal salt at a certain molar ratio. With a molecular weight of 150, the molecular weight of the resulting chelate does not exceed 800. It has one or more chelate ring structures, and the five-membered ring is more common, the intramolecular charge tends to be neutral, has a good biochemical stability, metal ions in the gastrointestinal tract are not easy to dissociate, not easily affected by phytic acid in feed, Effects of calcium, fiber, and phosphoric acid. Absorption radioisotope measurements by the gastrointestinal tract showed that amino acid chelates were absorbed and metabolized to a level that was better than 300% of other common inorganic salt trace elements.
From the development of amino acid trace element chelates to market promotion, its products can be roughly divided into the following three categories: One is a single amino acid trace element chelate. It is chelated by a specific amino acid (such as methionine, hydroxymethionine, lysine, or glycine) and a certain trace element at a certain pH value, in a strict molar ratio of the reactants, and at a certain reaction temperature and the like. Made. This type of product has a fixed composition and is relatively stable in nature and effective. The second type is a proteolytic mixture or a polypeptide trace element chelate. More often than not, a mixture of amino acids (completely hydrolyzed) or peptides (not completely hydrolyzed) derived from the hydrolysis of a protein material (animal or plant) is chelated with a trace element. Relative to the former, the stability is poor, the synthesis conditions are difficult to grasp, the compositional variation is large, and the product quality is also difficult to control. The three categories are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic carboxylic acid trace element chelates. Mainly referring to products such as chromium pyridinecarboxylate, the nitrogen atom in the molecule of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring (mainly pyridine ring) carboxylic acid compound, when chelated with the trace element, corresponds to the amino group of the amino acid molecule to generate a stable chelate.
The mechanism of action of amino acid trace element chelates on animals is still in the discussion stage. There are currently two hypotheses: one hypothesis is that after the trace chelates that are suitable for chelation intensity enter the digestive tract, antagonistic factors and other factors in the intestinal lumen can be avoided. The influence factors on the precipitation and adsorption of mineral elements directly reach the brush border of the small intestine and hydrolyze at the absorption site. The metal enters the intestinal epithelial cells in an ionic form and is absorbed into the blood to increase the trace elements that enter the body. . This hypothesis emphasizes that the presence of trace element chelates with suitable stability constants in the digestive tract is different from that in inorganic trace elements, and that the main reason for high bioactivity is that they reach the absorption site and are absorbed into the plasma more than inorganic ones. Another hypothesis is that amino acid trace element chelates are absorbed directly into the plasma in intact form and reach the tissues and organs.
The characteristics of the role of 2 amino acid trace element chelates in animals
2.l Prevent the formation of insoluble substances and have the role of protecting the environment
Phytic acid, oxalic acid, and phosphate ions contained in plant feeds are easily combined with trace elements to form insoluble salts that are difficult for animals to absorb and excreted. Tetracyclines and other drugs added to feeds also form chelates with trace elements. , thereby affecting the absorption of trace elements. Due to its special structure, the trace element chelate has good chemical stability and the charge in the molecule tends to be neutral. In the pH environment of the body, metal ions are effectively protected, and both phytate and phytate in the feed are prevented. The combination of phosphate ions, etc., also prevents the adsorption of insoluble colloids in the digestive tract of animals, thereby increasing the absorption of metal ions by animal bodies.
Amino acid trace element chelates can meet the needs of animals for trace elements, can replace the corresponding inorganic salts by 30% to 50%, and can also enhance the ability of animals to resist diseases to a certain extent, and accordingly reduce the application of antibiotics to reduce Excreta discharges reduce pollution to the environment.
2.2 Avoid mutual antagonism and reduce damage to vitamins and other nutrients
There are complex antagonisms between trace elements, such as between Fe and Zn, between Cu and Mo, and stone powder is used as a carrier and diluent in most feed additives. The content of Ca2+ is virtually increased, while Ca2+ is relatively high. All kinds of trace elements have antagonistic effects. After the trace elements are chelated by amino acids, chelates with moderate stability constants are formed. In the chemical structure, ionic bonds and coordination bonds coexist, which has good chemical and biological stability and inhibits the interaction between minerals. The metal ions in the chelate of the trace elements can effectively resist the formation of insoluble inorganic salts with other ions under the protection of ligand amino acids, and alleviate the antagonistic and antagonistic effects between minerals.
In addition, inorganic metal ions are prone to redox reactions in the production and transportation of feeds, such as Fe2+ is easily oxidized to Fe3+, and this oxidation product or redox reaction process will oxidize or catalytically destroy the vitamins in the feed. The use of less free metal ions in the chelate can reduce the damage to the vitamin and reduce the amount of vitamins in the diet. Experiments show that most vitamins are very sensitive to the catalytic properties of Fe2+ and Cu2+ oxides. For example, when VC has 0.0002mol/L metal ions, the decomposition rate can be accelerated by 1000 times. Therefore, Fe2+ is added as a chelate and Cu2+ prevents vitamin damage. The results of Yang Min et al. (2001) showed that the amino acid trace element chelates can significantly reduce the loss rate of VA and VB1 in the premix, and the survival rate of vitamins in the premix group containing trace element chelates is lower than The inorganic trace element group is about 40% higher.
2.3 The unique absorption method improves the absorption rate of trace elements and has a certain buffering effect
The inorganic elements are absorbed by the body through the cell membrane. The carrier molecules are required to coat the metal ions and form an organic fat-soluble complex outside the cell membrane in order to allow cations to pass through the cell membrane. Found (1974) suggested that metal ions located at the center of a five-membered or six-membered ring conjugate can pass through the brush edge of intestinal villi and that all amino acid trace element chelates can be absorbed in the form of amino acids. Vander-grift (1991) also proposed that once the metal is chelated with amino acids and peptides, the absorption and metabolism of the mineral element in the body is entirely determined by the chelated amino acids and peptides. This special absorption mechanism of amino acid trace element chelates has greatly increased its biological potency. Graff (1970) considered that the absorption of amino acid chelated iron was 4.9 times that of inorganic iron (ferrous sulfate, iron carbonate, iron oxide). Kegley et al. (2003) believe that the biological titer of iron methionine is equivalent to 180% of ferrous sulfate. Wedekind et al. (1992) reported that the bioavailability of zinc in methionine zinc is 206% of zinc sulfate.
The reaction of metal ions and organic ligands provides a buffer system for the concentration of metal ions in the medium. The buffer system ensures the constant concentration of metal ions through the dissociated chelate form. Inorganic salts can affect the pH value in the gastrointestinal tract and the acid-base balance in the body. Amino acid trace element chelates are normal intermediate products in the body and have little adverse stimulating effects on the body, which is beneficial to animal feeding and gastrointestinal digestion. absorb. The amino acid chelated copper is completely absorbed in the intestinal tract by pinocytosis, and metal ions do not need to bind to the carrier protein, so that competitive absorption does not occur. In addition, fiber, phytic acid, oxalic acid, and phosphate in the diet can bind with metal ions to form precipitates and affect the absorption of inorganic metal ions, while copper ions in amino acid-chelated copper are not affected or are less affected ( Wedekind et al., 1992).
2.4 Dual nutrition and enhance immunity, disease resistance and anti-stress
In the intake of amino acid trace element chelates, the animal consumes two nutrients, trace elements and amino acids, which are necessary for the animal and are often lacking in the feed, and therefore have dual nutritional effects.
In addition, amino acid trace element chelates have the functions of enhancing antibacterial ability, improving immune response, promoting animal cell and humoral immunity, and have therapeutic effects on certain enteritis, dermatitis, diarrhea, and anemia, and at the same time, can enhance enzyme activity in vivo. Increase protein, fat and vitamin utilization. After the amino acid trace element chelate is absorbed into the animal body, the chelated trace elements can be directly transported to specific target tissues and enzyme systems to meet the needs of the organism. It has been reported that amino acid chelates may act as "single units" in animals, such as improving animal skin condition and reducing early embryonic death. Amino acid trace element chelates also have good anti-stress function. Vandergrift (1994) believes that the effect of trace elements of amino acid trace elements on livestock and poultry is not only the increase in the biological valence of trace elements or amino acids, but also they have special nutritional effects on animals, such as participating in intracellular oxidative metabolism. Process, enhance animal immunity, etc. YuBi et al. (2000) showed that the addition of complex amino acid chelated iron significantly increased the red blood cell volume, hemoglobin level, and plasma iron level compared with the addition of the same dose of ferrous sulfate, increased hepatic and spleen ferritin and ferritin content, and total iron content in muscle. Heme iron concentration.
2.5 Poor side effects, good palatability and different periods of time suitable for animals
Excessive addition of inorganic trace elements can cause animal poisoning. Tests have shown that the semi-lethal amounts of amino acid trace element chelates are far greater than those of inorganic salts, with low toxic and side effects, good safety, good palatability, and easy intake by animals. During the special period of animal growth, development and reproduction, the rate and pattern of metabolism will change. Amino acid trace element chelates will not only greatly reduce the effect of phytate complexation and discharge of trace elements, but also relatively improve the storage of trace elements in the body. And release, so that the absorption rate increased, the physiological and biochemical effects of trace elements can also be fully exerted at peak demand.
In short, the biochemical characteristics, absorption methods, metabolic pathways, and safety of amino acid trace element chelates are different from those of inorganic trace elements, and have high biological valences, which is beneficial to the full play of animal physiological functions.
Application of Amino Acid Trace Element Chelates in Dairy Cow Production
3.1 The effect of nutrient digestion and metabolism
For ruminants such as dairy cows, amino acid trace element chelates have good stability, which not only prevents the rumen microorganisms from degrading amino acids, but also provides more rumen amino acids and trace elements for the digestive tract absorption in the rumen. Use, but also can avoid the adverse effects of certain trace elements on the rumen, so amino acid chelates have a good pass rumen performance and high bioavailability. Experiments by Heinrichs and Conrad at the Ohio Cow Research Center in Ohio showed that the amino acid zinc will not be degraded after 96 hours in the rumen, so that it can be passed through the rumen without being destroyed. Compared with inorganic zinc sources, organic The bioavailability of sources of zinc (including protein chelated zinc and amino acid chelated zinc) can be increased by 10 to 30%. The bioavailability of Mn in methionine manganese was 20% higher than that in inorganic salt form, and the content of manganese in the blood of test animals increased after dairy cattle diet supplemented with amino acid chelated manganese instead of 50% manganese oxide.
3.2 Effect on Animal Immune Function
Addition of amino acid trace element chelates to diets also has the function of regulating enzyme activity in vivo. Studies have shown that the addition of amino acid trace element chelates to diets can increase the alanine aminotransferase activity in blood of dairy cows by 173.9%, and the content of ceruloplasmin, the main carrier of copper in blood, is increased by a factor of two. The enzyme activity only increased by 9.3%. For amino acid copper chelates, replacement of copper in the form of inorganic salts in diets with 50% amino acid chelates can increase Cu-ZnSOD activity, copper content in vivo, and fecundity of dairy cows. It has also been reported that zinc methionine in dairy cows that contain methionine zinc in the diet has the effect of activating beta-carotene and converting it into vitamin A, so that the content of vitamin A in plasma rises and the genital tract and skin mucous membranes are protected. The prevention and treatment of dairy cows with mastitis, endometritis and other ills of diseases, to improve the health of the entire herd, so as to provide a "nutrient-free" production of nutrient material basis.
3.3 Effect on Dairy Production Performance
The uniqueness of amino acid trace element chelates is that they pass through the rumen in the form of pass ruminal amino acids without being destroyed, which can effectively counteract the degradation of rumen microbes, and does not require direct energy input into enterocytes to exert ideal physiological effects. Kellogg (1990) reported that when the number of cells in the milk was increased and a hooves disease occurred, the milk production of zinc methionine at 360 mg/(day 26#8226; head) was increased by an average of 6%, and the milk fat was increased. There was no significant change in the rate and milk protein content, the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk was reduced by 49.8%, and the visual score of hooves was significantly improved. Christy (2002) reported that cows fed diets supplemented with copper, iron, and manganese amino acid chelates increased milk production by 1.36 kg per head, and milk fat percentage increased by 0.1%-0.3%. Li Chenghui et al. (2004) showed that amino acid trace element chelates play an important role in improving milk production and improving milk quality. At the end of the trial period, milk production in the experimental group increased by 10.34% compared with the control group, and milk protein content increased. 3.4%, no significant changes in milk ratio, milk fat percentage and non-fat solids content. Tian Wenru et al. (2004) showed that adding milk-enriched milk (mainly hydroxymethionine zinc and MHB) to dairy cows' diets can increase the milk production by 4.5% to 13.6%, significantly reducing somatic cell count in milk, and not having a milk fat percentage. In addition, the quality of cow hooves in the experimental group was significantly improved.
In addition, Herrick (1989) reported that methionine zinc can predispose to hoof disease and other hoof disease.
Manspeker (1993) reported that a seven-year study of dairy cows found that amino acid chelates have a positive effect on ovarian activity, endometrial health, embryo activity, and total fecundity. Spain et al. (1993) found that the incidence of new breast infections was significantly lower in dairy cows fed zinc-protein salts than in cows fed zinc oxide. Research at the University of Illinois at the United States showed that the daily supplementation of 40 mg of zinc methionine to each cow resulted in a reduction in the incidence of foot rot disease, with improvements in laminitis, soft-foot disease, hoof splitting, and hoof ulcers.
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