Yunnan's persistent drought caused 6.31 million people to suffer 32 million acres of farmland

The old rippling reservoirs dries out and the lush forests are dying in the thirst. The government's water trucks are running in the dusty villages. The villagers line up in the sun waiting for a scoop to take water. Men, Women, the elderly, and the children walked back and forth on steep slopes to find water to pull water; a large number of factories and service industries stopped production due to lack of water...

In 2012, the third year of the drought hit Yunnan. Meteorological drought occurred in 90 monitoring stations across the province. More than 120 small and medium-sized rivers stopped flowing, and more than 400 small reservoirs and dams dried up. As of 10:00 on February 16, continuous drought had caused 63.183 million people in 91 counties (cities, districts) in 13 cities of Yunnan to suffer disasters. The population with difficulty in drinking water was 2,427,600. Among them, the difficulty of living required the government to rescue the population of 2.3138 million people, and drinking water was difficult. 1.545 million head of livestock. According to data from the Department of Agriculture of Yunnan Province, as of now, the province’s crops have reached 5.599 million mu due to drought, which has affected 203.7 million mu, and has received 324,000 mu of crops, causing direct economic losses in the planting industry to exceed 600 million yuan.

According to the monitoring of the Yunnan Meteorological Bureau, there has been no significant precipitation in Yunnan Province in the near future and the drought will continue to increase. The National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Ministry of Civil Affairs launched the national fourth-level disaster emergency response on February 17. They dispatched a working group to the heavy drought area to check the drought situation and guide relief work.

Drought makes "reasonable use of land" a slogan

In February each year, the villagers of Dazhai Village, Xinhua Township, Xinxi Dong Nationality Autonomous County, Yuxi City, Yunnan Province will offer rain to the villagers and the village gods will be provided with mountain gods. The villagers wish to worship the mountain gods in hopes of having good weather.

However, the fact is that the rain is less than a year. "Even drinking water becomes the color of red soil, and clothes can't be washed."

In Xinhua Township, Yunnan pines can be seen everywhere, but the existence of alpine trees such as thermophilic, drought-tolerant, and tolerant Yunnan pines just proves that the rainfall here is small and the land does not retain water. Xinhua Township is a mountainous area with nine droughts in the past ten years. There are only two rivers in the township, and rivers are gradually drying up in some branches of the Pentium. “When I got married in 2006, there was water in the gullies on the mountains, but now they are all done,” said Yang Wenying, director of the Dazhai Village Supervision Committee.

On February 5th, the reporter came to Dazhai Village where all his sights were ridiculous. Dazhai Village is mainly cultivated with flue-cured tobacco. It is transplanted every year in April, baked in July, and planted in October. Due to lack of water, the land will be deserted from October to March of the following year. Last year, the villagers heard that the price of baby food was good and they planted more than 20 mu. As a result, due to lack of water, the quality was not good, and all the dolls were unmarketable. The villagers suffered heavy losses; this year, the villagers planted bitter bucks. To 80 centimeters, only 20 centimeters are buckwheat, "even the costs are not received."

This year, when a major drought hit, 42 dams and ponds in Dazhai Village did not have a water impoundment. At present, there are only 4 dam ponds with water, and the only water will be kept for villagers to drink, without going through the village committee. It will be collectively agreed that no group of villages may discharge water.

“If there is water, we can grow wheat, green vegetables, peas, and garlic. Now the market price of vegetables is high.” Yang Wenying has generally done an estimation because the shortage of water has caused 9,000 acres of land each year to be ridiculous for five months. "It is said that the land should be used rationally, but there is no water. How to rationally use the land?"

On the 7th of February, a reporter from the China Youth Daily reported in an interview with Jiepai Village, a factory outlet in the Xikou Subdistrict Office, Wuhua District, Kunming City that the villager, who had been relying on the government to send water for more than a month, had difficulties in living. Farmers unable to farm only dig up Chinese herbal medicines and sell for more than 20 yuan each day. The agricultural production in Jiepai Village, which is located on the mountain, depends on the weather. Every year, a 20m2 cellar can store up to half of the water. For four consecutive years of drought, the per capita annual income of the villagers was only 1,200 yuan. The village chief Zhang Shaojie said that if there is water and vegetables and wheat are grown, the per capita annual income can be increased by more than 1,000 yuan. However, if water is diverted from a place 4 kilometers away, it will cost more than 200,000 yuan to divert water pipes and pumping units alone. The village committee will be powerless, and the pumping utilities will cost 4 to 5 yuan per ton and the villagers cannot afford it anyway. . Water shortage, 900 acres of the village is ridiculous.

However, in the steep popu community residents' committee not far from the Jiepai Village, the original five water sources have all dried up after 2010, and a deep well is located in the neighborhood of the neighborhood committee. Since August 2010, pumping pumps have been working ceaselessly. Some village groups had to pull water or buy water from horses in a carriage that was 10 kilometers away. A car had 7 tons of water and 200 yuan. It was not until the Wuhua Water Authority learned that it began to send water to the villagers, but the water could only be consumed by the villagers. There is no guarantee of agricultural production.

The average annual income of the villagers in the Stroupu community is 1,500 yuan. Drought has caused the village to have more than 7,500 acres of deserted land. A person in charge of the neighborhood committee said that if these lands can be used, the average annual income of the villagers can reach more than 3,000 yuan.

It is reported that in 2009, the area affected by Yunnan's agricultural crops was more than 4425 million mu and the harvest exceeded 15.15 million mu. In 2010, the affected area of ​​Yunnan Xiaochun agricultural crop was 47.43 million mu, the area affected by forestry was 55.07 million mu, and 15.54 million mu was scrapped. "Drought makes the rational use of land" a slogan."

Heavy engineering and light technology make low utilization of agricultural water resources

On February 10th, Zhang Huiyan, a member of the forestry department of the Dongchuan District Forestry Bureau of Kunming, came to the Madian Villagers Group in Wulong Town to teach villagers how to keep their seedlings during the dry season. In January of this year, villagers in Madian Village backed the water two kilometers away from the village and planted 3,000 acres of walnut seedlings. However, because there was no rain, the tip of the seedlings began to wither and survived to protect the saplings. Special technicians were dispatched in the district. To guide.

Drought has caused heavy damage to Yunnan's agriculture. In 2009, the direct agricultural economic losses in Yunnan were more than 19.8 billion yuan. In 2010, direct agricultural economic losses exceeded 20 billion yuan.

However, one fact that cannot be overlooked is that, on the one hand, investment in agricultural water conservancy infrastructure is seriously insufficient compared to investment in transportation, communications, and building facilities. “Engineering water shortages” threaten Yunnan's agriculture, and on the other hand, it has been completed. Due to backward technology, agricultural production and agricultural facilities have resulted in low utilization of water resources.

From 2009, Yunnan has invested 10 billion yuan each year to transform 2 million mu of middle and low-yield fields. It plans to rebuild 20 million mu by 2020. At present, this work has achieved remarkable results. However, during the transformation, there was a tendency of “five times and five light”, namely: heavy engineering, light technology; heavy construction, light management; heavy quantity, light quality; heavy investment, light output;

“The emergence of these problems has focused on the point that the low-yield fields are 'reformed' or 'improved'? 'Reforms' emphasizes the orientation of actions, and 'improvements' emphasize both the action orientation and the goal orientation.” Democratic League Yunnan Province A member of the Committee said that as the current emphasis is on "restructuring," the reform index that led to the implementation of "Tian Chengfang, Guanchengwang, Drainage, Road Linking, Tree-lined, Drought-irrigated, and Energy-efficient" gradually became The “visual indicators” focused on agrarian arts and became “Tian Chengfang, soil became thin, drainage network, water shortage irrigation, road connection, tree not seen, drought is still, and ancestral harvest”.

The Yunnan Provincial Party Committee of the Democratic League has found during the investigation that Yunnan's agricultural water-saving irrigation process is slow, and the province's agricultural water-saving technology level is generally at a nationally low level. Agriculture, on the other hand, is a large consumer of water, which consumes 11 billion cubic meters of water per year and accounts for 80% of the total water consumption. However, the waste of water is very prominent. The effective utilization rate of water is only 30-40%. The water utilization rate of food crops is less than 1kg/m3. In many places, agricultural irrigation is not piped water and pipe irrigation. The irrigation channels are not cement but locally. More than one-half of the excavated soil channels have serious losses due to evaporative seepage. Sprinkler irrigation is a major loss due to evapotranspiration and it is not water-saving irrigation. The water saving technology of water conservancy projects has no access to anti-seepage measures, resulting in losses of as much as 30% to 40% of water.

"Experience shows that changing surface irrigation technology to water-saving irrigation technology can generally reduce water loss by 20% to 40%," said one member.

We have never been able to keep up with the water race

In the current drought, rural areas, agriculture, and farmers became the first victims. Maintaining water supply and protecting people generates the most important tasks and top priorities for governments at all levels in Yunnan Province.

During the interview, the reporter saw that after experiencing droughts in the past two years, governments at all levels have been more meticulous in their work on water storage and drought relief. From August last year, districts and counties in Kunming organized professional and technical personnel to conduct field surveys on various towns, villages, and groups to find emergency water sources, launched hundreds of emergency drinking water projects, and formulated “one village, one policy, one library policy, "One pool, one policy," the water storage plan, and the organization of the water team to the drought-affected villages. The Yunnan fire-fighting force, which has assumed the responsibility for fire prevention, has also become the main force of the “drought-resisting drought.” The local fire brigade has launched an all-weather emergency command mechanism for drought relief. From February 1 to the present, the number of vehicles dispatched by the Yunnan Fire Control System has reached 5,093 units (times). It dispatched 18,251 people (times) and transported 150,000 tons of water. Among them, the Kunming detachment dispatched 1,318 vehicles (times) to deliver 10,544 tons of water, and an average of 770 tons of water per day for the villagers.

However, with the constant increase in temperature, the drought is also approaching Kunming city step by step.

The reporter learned from the Kunming Water Affairs Bureau that at present, the “Liuku One Station” water storage capacity of the main water supply source in Kunming city has been reduced by half, and the water supply gap in the main city of Kunming has reached 100 million cubic meters. A person in charge of the bureau said that Kunming City reduced the guaranteed storage capacity of Yunlong and Songhuaba Reservoirs from the previous 70 million cubic meters to 40 million cubic meters so as to ensure domestic water consumption in the main urban area from January to May 2012. "But if there is no more supply of rain in Kutang, the situation is still not optimistic."

“We have never been able to keep up with the water and have not solved it well.” Duan Changqun, deputy dean of the School of Life Sciences at Yunnan University who has long studied the water environment of Dianchi Lake Basin, said that the area of ​​the Dianchi drainage area is 3050 square kilometers. Yunnan's geographical map is nothing more than a “projectile land,” but this area, which accounts for only 0.78% of Yunnan's area, has concentrated about 8% of the province’s population and about 25% of the economic aggregate. As a result, the per capita water resources in Kunming is less than 200 cubic meters, which is 3% of the per capita water resources in the province, which is less than that in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Tang regions. It is also the area with the largest pollution load per unit area in Kunming.

“Although the water transfer project outside the basin has been continuously carried out for many years, the speed of water transfer cannot keep pace with the increase in demand, and water shortage will become the normal state of future society in Kunming.” Duan Changqun said.

Water-saving legislation lags behind the construction of a water-saving society

In these two days, Li Jianxiang, deputy director of the Flood Prevention and Drought Relief Headquarters Office in Wuhua District, Kunming City, is getting increasingly uneasy.

In August of last year, just after the drought had traced a trace, he and his colleagues went to the village and took a village team and a village group to understand the situation and analyze the drought situation to provide leadership decisions. Li Jianxiang’s face was darkened by the sun as he ran to the village every day. He drove his car with reporters on a dusty mountain road. He was fully aware of the shortage of water in each village and dug out “3 shares for some villages. "Rough water" and delighted. However, his anxiety is that with the expansion of the scope of drought, more and more villages need to send water. “Some drivers send 6 miles a day and sleep in the village at night”, but water conservation has not caused related departments. The vigilance and attention of the citizens of Kunming are sufficient.

The China Youth Daily reporter learned from the interview that although Kunming has adopted various water-saving measures in the past three years, it has had little success. Taking 2011 as an example, the annual water saving amounted to 27.25 million cubic meters, of which, 10.69 million cubic meters of reclaimed water conservancy was used, and the planned water consumption managed to save water of 16.56 million cubic meters. Calculated according to the daily water supply of Kunming, the main city of 900,000 tons, the water saved is only enough for the civilian city of Kunming for 30 days.

Since the drought appeared at the end of last year, Kunming has demanded that the city will save 30% of water this year when the rainy season comes. To this end, Kunming City stipulates that from December 1, 2011 to May 31, 2012, non-residential plan water users will reduce their planned water consumption by 10%. Among them, those engaged in bathing and swimming, water entertainment, etc., have reduced their water use target by 20%. If they exceed the planned water use, they will directly collect the super-planned water markup water fee at the maximum rate of 1.5 times. However, a person in charge of the Water Supply and Water Saving Office of Kunming City admitted that “the water saving effect is not obvious from the current daily water supply of the main city”.

"For a long time, we have only paid attention to the development of water resources, and we have built a large number of water conservancy projects to meet the increasing demand for water. Water control has only attached importance to engineering technology governance, but has neglected social governance. We are advocating national awareness of water-saving and promoting development. Water saving projects are far from enough." Wang Zhenquan, member of the Yunnan Provincial People's Political Consultative Conference, said that the current water-saving management laws and regulations system is not perfect, the national water-saving management laws and regulations have not yet been introduced, the water-saving legislation lags behind the water-saving society The construction has made it difficult to effectively implement water-saving management. The division of water-saving management and administrative regional management authority has been unclear. There is both misplaced management and management vacancy. Water-saving management involves multiple administrative regions and industrial sectors. Due to the imperfect water-saving management system, water-saving management agencies have weak management capabilities and lack of authority.

In addition, some experts also pointed out that China lacks in-depth research on the reuse of water resources and has not yet formed a technology for the reuse of water resources that suits the national conditions and local characteristics. In this regard, China should learn from Australia. Australia is the continent with the least precipitation in the world. For this reason, Australia is using the wisdom and talents to continuously explore and develop water-saving measures. The water-saving project is the government's domestic affairs. The most important thing. In agriculture, the government changed the current open irrigation canal into a pipeline irrigation method to avoid evaporation and fully save and use water resources. In terms of life, the housing construction and hydropower sector advocated recycling of water discharged from home washing machines for toilet cleaning. The use of washing machines saves a lot of water. Some developers also have a strong sense of water cycle and environmental protection. In Canberra, a residential area for elderly people, the developer installed a full set of water recycling equipment in the community center. After bathing and washing the waste water is subjected to physical and biological treatments such as diversion, filtration, and oxidative decomposition, it is used as a green water for the community. Some of the water returned to the river after reaching the standard, achieving the circulation of water resources. The community has thus won the UN Habitat Center's 1998 World Habitat Award. This community has become one of Canberra's top ten attractions.

"At present, only by dedicating itself to the development of a low-water economy and reducing the industries and economic entities that have a large demand for water resources and have a great impact on the environment, can we seek ways to develop 'low water' or 'dehydration' in order to solve the water resources caused by economic and social development. "The shortage and the problem of water pollution." Duan Changqun said: "Since the drought will not eradicate, what we can do is change the way we use land and water."