1 site preparation site preparation
Vigna fabae continuum, continuous cropping will make a large accumulation of organic acids secreted by the roots, inhibit the reproduction of rhizobia. The broad bean root system is developed, and the main root is deep into the earth, requiring a deep loose soil layer. Therefore, the land with deep soil, loose soil, convenient drainage and drainage, and non-faba beans should be selected for planting.
After the harvest of the previous crop, it should be deep-growing in time and the soil should be matured. Before exposure, water and cover the old membrane to improve the natural high temperature disinfection effect. Shallow ploughing 1 time before transplanting, playing fine soil, applying organic fertilizer 3000kg/hm2, ditch compound fertilizer 375kg/hm2, Fuping, in order to facilitate the conservation of earthworms, to reach the ground to meet the foot.
2 Variety selection and bud treatment vernalization
Select the silkworm variety No. 1 or other good quality and suitable for fresh food. Choose beans of the same size, full of beans, and locust-free. Soak broad bean seeds in water at 20°C for 5~6h, remove them, place them in bamboo baskets, and cover them with moist cloth. The germination was carried out at 15 to 25°C. When the seed was found to be moldy, it was wiped off with 75% alcohol. When the broad bean sprouts white, that is, when the seeds are about 3 mm sprouted, the germinated broad bean seeds are put into a plastic frame. The moist seedling substrate was evenly mixed with a small amount of carbendazim to cover the shoots of fava bean with a thickness of 2 cm. Then it was moved into a cold room, treated at a low temperature of 4°C for 9 to 12 days, and transplanted into the field after the low temperature treatment.
3 sowing (transplanting)
3.1 Sowing date (transplantation period) selection
The flowering and time to market of broad beans at different sowing dates are shown in Table 1. On the one hand, the low temperature and low temperature in winter are not conducive to the growth and development of broad beans. Sowing date (transplanting period) chooses 10 months or even later, it will cause flowering delay. Due to the lack of sunshine in the winter, soybean meal expansion in the later period is slow, the time to market is delayed, and economic efficiency is low. Broad bean, on the other hand, is a long-day crop and has a cool and humid climate. It is sensitive to temperature, heat-resistant and cold-tolerant. When the air temperature exceeds 32°C for a long time during the growth period, the physiological process is blocked or even died.
Therefore, from the beginning of September to mid-September, when the temperature dropped below 30°C, it was a suitable period for sowing and transplanting faba bean.
3.2 Proper close planting
It can be seen from Table 2 that the number of branches per plant and the number of pods per plant treated with a 30 cm spacing is the least, but the maximum number of pods is due to the higher density. Therefore, the reasonable density is 4 ridges in 8 m greenhouses, 2 rows per ridge, 30 cm spacing. The use of wide and narrow rows of planting can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions and reduce the loss of flower buds. When sowing broad bean radish down, at the same time sowing seedlings between rows to prepare for the needs of the lack of seedlings. On the day of transplanting, roots were irrigated with carbendazim and root powder, and a dropper was placed.
4 Field Management
4.1 Temperature Regulation
Transplanting seedlings from the end of August to early September, mid-late September to early October due to the high outdoor temperature during the day, after the transplant, a shade net should be placed on the steel frame. It is generally removed at 16:00 and covered after 8:00. When the outdoor temperature drops below 30°C, the shade net is no longer covered. Membrane time is determined according to the local temperature and the period of the faba bean. Generally, the filming time of the outer film of the greenhouse is at the end of October. The second filming time is when the outdoor temperature close to 0°C at night and the bud begins to appear within the shed. In late December. When the temperature is close to 0°C at night, two layers of membranes are formed. The function of the second layer of membrane is mainly night-time insulation, protecting flowers and cardamom from frost damage. After 8:00, the inner membrane is opened and it is covered before 16:00.
Broad bean temperature requirements are more stringent. The daily temperature during the day should be controlled between 20~26°C. When the temperature is high, it should be ventilated and cooled. When the temperature in March rises, the minimum temperature in the single-film greenhouse at night is not less than 5°C, and the two-layer membrane may not be used. In April, according to the temperature, open the top window and shake the film rods to ventilate the whole day to promote pollination. The mulch is covered in the first half of November in order to achieve the effect of heat preservation, conservation and weeding.
4.2 fertilizer control
According to the growth and performance of the plant flexible irrigation, in general, the autumn for the end of August to September 15 transplanted broad bean, 7~8d drip irrigation once; winter on-demand drip irrigation, basically without drip irrigation; from the end of February to the end of March, each Drip irrigation was performed once every 10 to 14 days, and once every 7 to 10 days after the end of March. In short, to keep the soil moist, the relative humidity in the overall shed is 60%~80%.
According to the growing condition of the plant, fertilizer is applied in the form of fertilizer and water in the drip irrigation. During the flowering stage, 0.1% ammonium molybdate and sodium borate solutions were sprayed on the leaves to increase 100-grain weight. At the same time, it is also necessary to spray foliar fertilizer at any time to promote the protection of flowers.
4.3 Plant Management
Vigna broadbeans are rich in fertilizer, light and temperature in summer and autumn are easy to grow, resulting in falling flowers. Attention should be paid to observing the length of the internodes and timely adopting height-restricting techniques in order to facilitate the preservation of the flowers, mainly through artificial topping and chemical control. 1 topping pruning. The core of the main stem was removed at 5-6 leaves after emergence; at the end of March, all the branches were removed; the invalid branches were trimmed from February to March, basically guaranteeing about 15 branches per plant. 2 chemical control. One is diniconazole. The diniconazole has both bactericidal effect and limited high effect. The ediconazole was sprayed for about 30 days after transplanting, and the interval of drug administration was flexibly controlled according to the growing trend. Generally, the spray was sprayed once every 15 days. The second is paclobutrazol. With 10% paclobutrazol 500 ~ 1000 times spray, but paclobutrazol sprayed onto the pod will cause faba bean deformity, medication should be cautious. Broad bean is an infinitely-growing crop, and the greenhouse cultivation mode can give full play to its production potential, but its plant height is much higher than exposed land, and it is easy to cause lodging and production reduction. Therefore, when the plant height reaches 70cm and the pods have been scabbed, the stalks of the broad bean are straightened with bamboo vines and straw ropes to prevent lodging.
4.4 Assistant pollination
Although broad beans are self-pollination crops, but poor ventilation in winter greenhouses, can be placed in the shed beehive, through the pollination of bees to increase the rate of scarring.
5 Pest control
The broad bean in autumn is susceptible to aphids, which can induce virus diseases. It can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder from 4000 to 6000 times. After transplanting, it is treated with phoxim ion to kill the underground pests. In the seedling and branching stages, Rhizoctonia usually harms the young stems, Fusarium damages the young roots, and in the end, the seedlings are susceptible to bacterial wilt disease. A variety of fungicides with low toxicity can be used to irrigate the roots, such as mancozeb, multi-bacteria. Spirit and so on.
6 timely harvest
When the beans are large enough, the faba beans are picked before the umbilical eye turns dark. Cut off the harvested branches in time to reduce nutrient consumption. After the end of the entire picking season, as soon as possible, the farmland was rotated to make other efficient fruits and vegetables such as fresh corn, watermelon, and melon.
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