1. Soil compaction
Causes of formation: insufficient soil organic matter, heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer and light application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, resulting in serious damage to soil aggregate structure, reduced air permeability, aerobic microbial activity, and slow soil maturation, resulting in soil compaction.
Harm: Soil compaction harms crops. First, it is difficult to pierce the root system. Second, even if the root system can be pierced, the soil oxygen content will be too low, and the phenomenon of rooting will occur.
Solution: increase the amount of organic fertilizers and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers; water-saving irrigation, use ground water as much as possible; promote the return of straw to the field, promote no-tillage, and reduce soil loss; use soil amendments.
2. Soil salinization
Causes: Long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizers, insufficient organic fertilizers, and an unreasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, resulting in increased salt ions in the soil, hindering the normal absorption of water by the root system, thereby affecting plant growth.
Causes damage: due to the increase in soil salt, crops have difficulty in absorbing water, poor root growth, and reduced stress resistance. Crops are prone to "physiological drought" and die. Due to the excessive amount of soluble salts in the soil, the osmotic potential increases, thereby reducing the soil water potential, leading to a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, restricting the growth of crops, and even more salt damage and death.
Solution: Increased application of organic fertilizers, balanced fertilization, returning straw to the field, pressing green manure forage, and using humic acid fertilizers to improve saline-alkali soil can achieve the effects of desalination and fertilization.
3. Disorders of soil flora
Reasons for formation: Some of the biological bacteria in the soil are beneficial bacteria, which can improve the environment for root growth; and some bacteria are harmful bacteria, which can cause soil-borne diseases, resulting in dead seedlings and dead seedlings. Due to high intensification, high multiple cropping index, high fertilizer and pesticide dosage, soil aggregate structure is destroyed, the number of harmful bacteria in the soil is increasing, and beneficial bacteria cannot be supplemented, resulting in imbalance of soil flora.
Causes harm: it can lead to impermeable soil, no water or fertilizer, lack of nutrition, ground failure, and cause soil-borne diseases.
Solution: increase the application of microbial agents, compound microbial fertilizers and biological organic fertilizers.
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