Key points of cultivation techniques of special short bitter gourd

Short is an excellent local bitter gourd variety, mainly distributed in Xinluo, Yongding, Shanghang and other places in Longyan City. This variety is rich in nutrients, dense and crisp in meat quality, excellent in quality, less in water and bitter in taste, and is favored by consumers. Moreover, it is resistant to storage and transportation, extensive management, moderate output, and few pests and diseases. It is an ideal pollution-free vegetable and has broad cultivation prospects. The characteristics and cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

1. Characteristics. The plant grows on a climbing scale with strong branching, palmately pentagonal, deeply divided, the leaf is 21 cm long, 13.5 cm wide, and the petiole is 10 cm long. The first female flower was born in section 8 of the main vine. The fruit is spindle-shaped. The product skin is light green and white, and the old ripe fruit is orange-red. The surface of the fruit is furrowed, with large and dense knob-like protrusions, without wax powder or bristles. The fruit has a horizontal diameter of 6 cm and a vertical diameter of 6.5 cm. The average single fruit mass is 170 grams, and the maximum is 500-600 grams. The average yield per mu is 1000 kg, and the maximum is 1250 kg. It is a mid-mature variety, from sowing to harvesting for 110 days, from planting to harvesting for 90 days. It has strong heat resistance, cold resistance, drought tolerance, and resistance to diseases and insects.

2. Key points of cultivation technology

1. Selection of melons: The melons in section 10-12 of the main vine are used for seed retention. Such melons have high yield and early fruit formation, and have the characteristics of morning market.

2. Seeding and seedling raising: Short balsam pears are planted in Longyan City mainly in spring and autumn. In recent years, new cultivation models such as early spring cultivation and autumn delay and high mountain anti-season have been gradually promoted. (Arch shed + plastic film) or spring open-field cultivation (small arch shed at seedling stage) is sown from early February to early March; autumn is sown in early July; late autumn cultivation is from mid-August to early September. Sow 0.2 kg per mu. Before sowing, soak the seeds in 55°C warm water for 15 minutes, and then soak them at room temperature for 36-48 hours. After scrubbing and cleaning, set the germination at 30°C constant temperature and rinse with warm water once a day. When 70-80% of the seeds are exposed, sow in the pre-prepared nutrient bowl, cover the film and the small arch shed early in the spring, pay attention to the film and temperature management after emergence, and 5-7 days before planting Refining seedlings is generally controlled by transplanting when 3 leaves and 1 heart.

3. Fertilization on site: Choose a plot with deep soil layers, fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, and no melon crops for at least 3 years. Turn over about 25 cm deep after the previous crop is harvested, and spread 50-75 kg of lime per mu. Before trenching, apply base fertilizer, apply 1500-2000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per acre, add 30-40 kg of superphosphate, 10-15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 15-20 kg of cake fertilizer, then cover the soil to make the furrow, furrow with furrow width 100-120 cm, the deep groove is made up of 60-80 cm wide and 25-35 cm high. Planting in early spring should be covered with plastic film, and the border surface should be covered with plastic film and pressed with soil.

4. Planting: When the seedlings grow to 3 leaves and 1 heart, choose to plant on a sunny day, planting in each row in two rows, the plant is 1 meter away from the spring planting, and 0.8 meters from the autumn planting. In early spring, when mulching film is covered for cultivation, cut the mulch at the planting hole into a round hole according to the plant spacing, dig a certain planting hole, take out the seedlings in the nursery pot (bag) and connect the soil with them, and plant them in the hole. Planting, after planting, timely pouring enough planting water.

5. Field management: 10% rot manure can be applied topping 3-5 days after planting as a seedling fertilizer, and 20% rot manure or topdressing can be applied every 7-8 days with 15:15:15 compound fertilizer per mu3 -5 kg, 5-6 kg of urea is applied to the water. When the first melon grows to the size of a broad bean pod, apply 20% of the manure and manure urine, or apply 15 kg of urea per mu to the water. After the first batch of melons were harvested, deep plant-to-plant application was carried out, and 20 kg of 15:15:15 compound fertilizer was applied per mu. During the fruit growing period, 500 kg of human feces and urine plus 3 kg of urea, 5 kg of superphosphate and 5-8 kg of potassium sulfate are applied every 5-7 days. If the film is covered with plastic film, the residual film should be recovered in time to facilitate watering. The greenhouse film should be exposed after fertilization to avoid the damage caused by excessive ammonia concentration in the greenhouse. In the greenhouse cultivation in early spring, the soil moisture should be properly controlled before the result to increase the soil temperature. In the spring and rain season, we must do a good job of clearing the trenches. In case of drought, water should be combined with fertilization in a timely manner or furrow irrigation. Use 3 meters of bamboo or wood to build a herringbone frame about 2.5 meters high. When the plant grows to 30 cm, the vine is introduced to the shelf. When the main vine grows to more than 50 cm, the whole vine starts to be trimmed. The side vines at the base are all cut off. The first female flower on the main vine is generally removed, allowing the second female flower to form a melon. When pruning, cut all side branches under 50 cm, and remove yellow leaves and weak side branches at any time to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. When there are few insects that spread pollen, artificial pollination should be carried out. Pollination should be conducted on the male and female flowers that open on the same day at 6-7 am. When pollination, first pick the male flower, remove the corolla, and gently apply the pollen to the stigma of the female flower That's it.

6. Prevention of diseases and insect pests: Diseases mainly include stand blight, cataplexy, anthracnose, wilt and powdery mildew. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in formalin 100 times solution for 30 minutes. Rhizoctonia solani and cataplexy disease can be controlled with 200 mg/kg of agricultural streptomycin or 50% Fumei double wettable powder 800 times plus 72% plec water solution 800 times. In the early stage of anthracnose disease, 25% chardrin wettable powder 1000 times liquid, or 70% Jiafu mixture wettable powder 400-600 times liquid are used for prevention and treatment. For powdery mildew, use 25% myclobutanil emulsifiable concentrate 6000-8000 times liquid, or 25% powder rustin wettable powder disease agent 2000-2500 times liquid. For the prevention and treatment of wilt, use 300% solution of 30% copper dibasic acid (copper succinate fertilizer) wettable powder, or 500% solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for root control. Insect pests mainly include yellow guard melon, melon silk borer, aphid, etc. Huang Shougua uses 40% fenvalerate 8000 times solution or 8000 times solution to control adults, and 90% trichlorfon 1500-2000 times solution to control larvae. The silkworm borer is controlled with 0.5% emamectin (Sanling) EC 1500 times, or 40% chlorpyrifos (Xinnongbao) EC 1000 times. The aphids are sprayed with 10g imidacloprid wettable powder 20g and water 50kg per mu.

7. Timely harvesting: When the young melon is fully grown, the melon stripe is obvious, the peel is shiny, and the fruit top color can be harvested when it turns from green to white. The results were harvested once every 5-6 days in the initial stage and once every 2-3 days during the full fruit period.

3. Seed retention technology: Because bitter gourd is an insect-pollinated cross-pollinated crop, it is easy to hybridize with other bitter gourd varieties to produce hybrids. Therefore, the reserved seed field must be naturally isolated, that is, there can be no other bitter gourd varieties within 1000 meters around. Bitter melon generally takes 18-20 days from flowering to seed maturity. When the lower end of the melon grows orange-red, and the melon has not cracked, the seeds are harvested in time. The harvested melons need to be cooked for about 2 days after being cut open to take out the seeds, and then the fruit flesh outside the seed coat is washed with clean water, dried and stored in aeration.

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