In the production process of black fungus often have bacteria and pests affect the production and quality of black fungus, especially in the high temperature and suitable temperature season, the occurrence and harm of pests and diseases is the enemy of black fungus cultivation, therefore, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is very important , should pay attention to and make prevention work.
(I) Common bacteria and prevention and control measures The diseases of black fungus mainly manifest as the infection of various bacteria. Common bacteria include:
1. Trichoderma: Contaminated with Trichoderma, the initial mycelium was white, and then gradually produced green spores and turned pale green, which turned into dark green. Trichoderma spp. mainly occurs in the non-germinated materials of the strains (bags) and on the ear bases that have not been completely removed. If they are not treated in time, the spread of the trichoderma spreads quickly and the mycelium of the fungus can not grow or grow poorly.
Control measures: Thoroughly sterilize the medium and produce Trichoderma during the ears of the bacterium bags. The bags can be placed in the sun for 1 to 2 days and then 0.2% or 0.1% potassium permanganate or 0.2% more bacteria. Spirit solution spray disinfection.
2. Rhizopus oryzae: In the early stage of light white, the mycelium and rhizoids grew up in the culture medium and extended upwards with longer spore shanks at the temperature of 25 to 35°C. The top was black spores. Its harm is to isolate oxygen, compete for nutrients and water, secrete toxins, and affect the growth of black fungus mycelium.
Control measures: Refer to Trichoderma control measures.
3. Streptomyces: early mycelium is light white, mycelium grows very fast, and prone to produce pale yellow water in the bag, and it forms a white blocky primordium at the mouth of the bag or plastic bag and becomes orange when mature. Powdery spores. The main hazard of Streptomyces is to compete with Black fungus mycelium for nutrition. Occurred in the production of fungus bag, a great threat to the production of bacteria bags.
Prevention and control measures: The production of black fungus fungus bags can avoid the high temperature season, and the bagging method should be adopted in the inoculation method to avoid mutual contamination between the bacteria bags. Found that the cladosporine should be promptly released. And spray 0.2% carbendazim or bleach solution on its site.
(2) Common insect pests and their prevention and control measures are less harmful to black fungus pests. The pests commonly found in strain production and cultivation rooms are:
1. The nematode nematode is a colorless, small worm that is small in size, only about 1 mm, and needs to be observed under a microscope. Nematodes harm auricular mycelium, which makes the culture material produce a dark, moist, no-ear ear mycelium, often producing irritating odors. Methyl odor fumigation can kill nematodes at a concentration of 600 mg/l per hour.
2. The hopper hopper is a tail-tail insect that looks as if it is soot. It is also called a ash insect. The main hazards of Edible Fungus are purple hoppers, and the body length of hoppers is 2-3 mm, and the body is purple-black. Major damage to the child entity. If a worm emerges in the cultivation room, it can spray 0.1% of rattan extract or pyrethrum (1:500-2000).
(3) Common "disease" harms and prevention measures The "flowing ear" of black fungus (also known as "sugar ear" or "water ear") is a physiological disorder of cellular water-filling rupture. Black fungus in the near maturity, continue to produce spores, consumption of nutrients inside the fruiting body, so that the fruiting body tends to aging, this time encounter excessive humidity is very easy to fester. In the environment where the temperature is high, especially the humidity is relatively high, and the light and ventilation conditions are relatively poor, the fruiting bodies often fester. Destruction of bacteria and pests is also responsible for the loss of ear swelling. During the growth period of fruiting bodies, management must be strengthened and timely harvested. In addition to doing a good job of prevention, 25 units/half-concentration of chlortetracycline (or oxytetracycline) solution or 500 times solution of zein-zinc (or tetromycin) solution spray may be used to prevent “flowingâ€. If “flowing ears†have already appeared, the fungus should be picked and dried quickly to reduce losses. The ear was scraped with a knife, brushed with a brush to wash the ear area, remove the glue attached to the ear, in order to facilitate the emergence of young ears. Otherwise, it is not easy to produce ear.
(IV) Integrated control of pests and diseases The prevention and control of pests and diseases of black fungus shall implement the plant protection policy of “prevention-based, comprehensive prevention and control, and implement comprehensive prevention and control. During cultivation and production, field observations shall be strengthened to explore, study and master the occurrence of pests and diseases. Develop and harm the law so that appropriate measures can be taken to prevent and control it.
The occurrence and harm of several kinds of germs, pests and diseases mentioned above have a common commonality, that is, most people like to live in an environment where the temperature is high, the humidity is high, the light is insufficient, and the air is not fresh. To take comprehensive measures to combat pests and diseases, efforts should be made to do the following:
First of all, as far as possible, we should choose a good cultivation site, strictly clean up, maintain hygiene, reduce the source of disease, and create a suitable living environment for black fungus.
Second, we must vigorously promote early access, so that black fungus mycelia preferentially occupy the medium, reducing the chance of invasion of bacteria. Practice has proved that where ear bags are inoculated early, the ear rate is high, the growth and development are fast, and the number of miscellaneous bacteria is low; while the late-inoculated ear bags and miscellaneous bacteria are often very serious.
Third, we must strengthen scientific management, regulate the temperature and humidity of the cultivation environment, pay attention to the ventilation lighting program, strengthen ventilation management, and keep the cultivation site air fresh. It is necessary to constantly cut away the thatch grass in the ear field and clean up the places where the pests hide so that the pests and miscellaneous bacteria cannot breed easily. If you dig a small ditch around the ear field and pour clean water, it will have a certain effect on preventing the invasion of pests. Regular drying sun ear bags can use ultraviolet light to kill eggs and spores. Mild miscarriage ear bags can be painted 1~3% quicklime, but also to prevent the invasion of bacteria. At the same time, we must pay attention to the timely harvest of mature black fungus in order to prevent excessive self-decomposition and cause disease spread.
In summary, strengthening human management and constantly innovating cultivation techniques are effective measures for controlling pests and bacteria. Chemicals can only be applied when it is absolutely necessary. Drugs to be administered should not be considered to hinder the normal development of black fungus, and the black fungus is not toxic after application.
If pests have already occurred in cultivation areas, they can try to control them with safe and effective low-toxicity and low-concentration agents, so as to “treat early, treat small, and treatâ€, and control the damage within the minimum range. The pesticides that have been used to control black fungus pests are dichlorvos, trichlorfon, DDT, dimethoate, minoxidum, rattan powder, triclosan, tumefax, and malathion (4049). 666 powder, bleach, quicklime, and tea seed cake. The insecticidal effects of these drugs are very good. In the preparation and application, according to the instructions for the use of the drug, do not arbitrarily increase the concentration, otherwise it will not only affect the growth and development of black fungus, but also left residual drug. The application of pesticides is preferably performed after the ears have been collected, so as to prevent the black fungus from directly bearing the liquid and reducing the harm of the medicine.
When there are many pests on the ear bags, they should try to prevent them from harm. Putting the ears in clear water for several hours will soak up the pests on the ears.
(I) Common bacteria and prevention and control measures The diseases of black fungus mainly manifest as the infection of various bacteria. Common bacteria include:
1. Trichoderma: Contaminated with Trichoderma, the initial mycelium was white, and then gradually produced green spores and turned pale green, which turned into dark green. Trichoderma spp. mainly occurs in the non-germinated materials of the strains (bags) and on the ear bases that have not been completely removed. If they are not treated in time, the spread of the trichoderma spreads quickly and the mycelium of the fungus can not grow or grow poorly.
Control measures: Thoroughly sterilize the medium and produce Trichoderma during the ears of the bacterium bags. The bags can be placed in the sun for 1 to 2 days and then 0.2% or 0.1% potassium permanganate or 0.2% more bacteria. Spirit solution spray disinfection.
2. Rhizopus oryzae: In the early stage of light white, the mycelium and rhizoids grew up in the culture medium and extended upwards with longer spore shanks at the temperature of 25 to 35°C. The top was black spores. Its harm is to isolate oxygen, compete for nutrients and water, secrete toxins, and affect the growth of black fungus mycelium.
Control measures: Refer to Trichoderma control measures.
3. Streptomyces: early mycelium is light white, mycelium grows very fast, and prone to produce pale yellow water in the bag, and it forms a white blocky primordium at the mouth of the bag or plastic bag and becomes orange when mature. Powdery spores. The main hazard of Streptomyces is to compete with Black fungus mycelium for nutrition. Occurred in the production of fungus bag, a great threat to the production of bacteria bags.
Prevention and control measures: The production of black fungus fungus bags can avoid the high temperature season, and the bagging method should be adopted in the inoculation method to avoid mutual contamination between the bacteria bags. Found that the cladosporine should be promptly released. And spray 0.2% carbendazim or bleach solution on its site.
(2) Common insect pests and their prevention and control measures are less harmful to black fungus pests. The pests commonly found in strain production and cultivation rooms are:
1. The nematode nematode is a colorless, small worm that is small in size, only about 1 mm, and needs to be observed under a microscope. Nematodes harm auricular mycelium, which makes the culture material produce a dark, moist, no-ear ear mycelium, often producing irritating odors. Methyl odor fumigation can kill nematodes at a concentration of 600 mg/l per hour.
2. The hopper hopper is a tail-tail insect that looks as if it is soot. It is also called a ash insect. The main hazards of Edible Fungus are purple hoppers, and the body length of hoppers is 2-3 mm, and the body is purple-black. Major damage to the child entity. If a worm emerges in the cultivation room, it can spray 0.1% of rattan extract or pyrethrum (1:500-2000).
(3) Common "disease" harms and prevention measures The "flowing ear" of black fungus (also known as "sugar ear" or "water ear") is a physiological disorder of cellular water-filling rupture. Black fungus in the near maturity, continue to produce spores, consumption of nutrients inside the fruiting body, so that the fruiting body tends to aging, this time encounter excessive humidity is very easy to fester. In the environment where the temperature is high, especially the humidity is relatively high, and the light and ventilation conditions are relatively poor, the fruiting bodies often fester. Destruction of bacteria and pests is also responsible for the loss of ear swelling. During the growth period of fruiting bodies, management must be strengthened and timely harvested. In addition to doing a good job of prevention, 25 units/half-concentration of chlortetracycline (or oxytetracycline) solution or 500 times solution of zein-zinc (or tetromycin) solution spray may be used to prevent “flowingâ€. If “flowing ears†have already appeared, the fungus should be picked and dried quickly to reduce losses. The ear was scraped with a knife, brushed with a brush to wash the ear area, remove the glue attached to the ear, in order to facilitate the emergence of young ears. Otherwise, it is not easy to produce ear.
(IV) Integrated control of pests and diseases The prevention and control of pests and diseases of black fungus shall implement the plant protection policy of “prevention-based, comprehensive prevention and control, and implement comprehensive prevention and control. During cultivation and production, field observations shall be strengthened to explore, study and master the occurrence of pests and diseases. Develop and harm the law so that appropriate measures can be taken to prevent and control it.
The occurrence and harm of several kinds of germs, pests and diseases mentioned above have a common commonality, that is, most people like to live in an environment where the temperature is high, the humidity is high, the light is insufficient, and the air is not fresh. To take comprehensive measures to combat pests and diseases, efforts should be made to do the following:
First of all, as far as possible, we should choose a good cultivation site, strictly clean up, maintain hygiene, reduce the source of disease, and create a suitable living environment for black fungus.
Second, we must vigorously promote early access, so that black fungus mycelia preferentially occupy the medium, reducing the chance of invasion of bacteria. Practice has proved that where ear bags are inoculated early, the ear rate is high, the growth and development are fast, and the number of miscellaneous bacteria is low; while the late-inoculated ear bags and miscellaneous bacteria are often very serious.
Third, we must strengthen scientific management, regulate the temperature and humidity of the cultivation environment, pay attention to the ventilation lighting program, strengthen ventilation management, and keep the cultivation site air fresh. It is necessary to constantly cut away the thatch grass in the ear field and clean up the places where the pests hide so that the pests and miscellaneous bacteria cannot breed easily. If you dig a small ditch around the ear field and pour clean water, it will have a certain effect on preventing the invasion of pests. Regular drying sun ear bags can use ultraviolet light to kill eggs and spores. Mild miscarriage ear bags can be painted 1~3% quicklime, but also to prevent the invasion of bacteria. At the same time, we must pay attention to the timely harvest of mature black fungus in order to prevent excessive self-decomposition and cause disease spread.
In summary, strengthening human management and constantly innovating cultivation techniques are effective measures for controlling pests and bacteria. Chemicals can only be applied when it is absolutely necessary. Drugs to be administered should not be considered to hinder the normal development of black fungus, and the black fungus is not toxic after application.
If pests have already occurred in cultivation areas, they can try to control them with safe and effective low-toxicity and low-concentration agents, so as to “treat early, treat small, and treatâ€, and control the damage within the minimum range. The pesticides that have been used to control black fungus pests are dichlorvos, trichlorfon, DDT, dimethoate, minoxidum, rattan powder, triclosan, tumefax, and malathion (4049). 666 powder, bleach, quicklime, and tea seed cake. The insecticidal effects of these drugs are very good. In the preparation and application, according to the instructions for the use of the drug, do not arbitrarily increase the concentration, otherwise it will not only affect the growth and development of black fungus, but also left residual drug. The application of pesticides is preferably performed after the ears have been collected, so as to prevent the black fungus from directly bearing the liquid and reducing the harm of the medicine.
When there are many pests on the ear bags, they should try to prevent them from harm. Putting the ears in clear water for several hours will soak up the pests on the ears.
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