The cultivation and management techniques of rattan pepper 1. The biological characteristics of rattan pepper The rattan pepper is a shallow rooted tree species with developed lateral roots and many fibrous roots. The rattan pepper has a wide adaptability and can be planted on various soils, even on limestone and mountainous terrain. , Purple soil and yellow soil and sandy soil can grow normally, with anti-drought, ridge thin characteristics. The rattan peppers have a strong sprouting ability, are able to resist strength trimming, and have a longer life for the buds.
(1) During the special period, rattan pepper and pepper have sprouted earlier, and they germinate at the end of February in general and in early March in my county. As for germination, it is related to soil conditions and tree vigor. It is matured in the middle and late July to early August in the dam hill area of ​​my county. The mature period is about 130 days.
(b) Characteristics of buds
1, rattan pepper more obvious heterogeneity. Usually 3-4 buds in the lower part of the terminal buds and shoots are full and full, easy to sprout into branches. Generally, the quality from the top down to the basal shoots declines in turn, manifesting in the size of the branches, the length and length, the number of compound leaves and lobules, and the number of fruit grains.
2, the early maturity of buds. The bud of Fujie pepper has early maturation. Under forced conditions (man-made and early defoliation caused by pests and diseases), secondary buds can be extracted.
3, budding force and branching force. The budding force of the Fujiya pepper is generally strong, but the buds at the front end of the shoots are significantly stronger than the buds at the middle and lower parts.
4, bud potential. There is a certain number of cryptic buds in the main trunk and the lower part of the main branch, especially the oldest ones. The buds can lurk for one to several years. When the tree vigor is weak, they often grow buddies and the old tree can use this feature to update the rejuvenation.
5, bud differentiation. The flower bud differentiation period of Teng pepper is generally carried out after the rapid expansion of the fruit to the ripening of the fruit. In the production management, NPK fertilizer can be reused to increase the fruit quality, yield, and flower bud differentiation. The annual production laid the foundation.
6, the type of bud. The buds of rattan pepper can be divided into leaf buds, flower buds and mixed buds according to their quality. Leaf buds do not result in long leaves, flower buds do not grow long leaves, and mixed buds both grow and result.
(c) Characteristics of branches
1, the composition of branches. The four kinds of rattan pepper branches, namely, vegetative shoots, fruiting branches, leafy branches and leggy branches.
2, the top dominance. The apical dominance of T. edulis is stronger, and its growth potential and growth amount are significantly greater than those of shoots sprouted from its lower side buds.
3, vertical advantages and layers of branches. There is a strong vertical advantage of T. chinensis, and the growth of the erect upper back branch is significantly higher than that of the horizontal or sagging branches. The dryness of rattan pepper is weak, and it is cup-shaped or plexiform under natural conditions with obvious layering.
4, the growth state of branches. The new shoots of Fujiya start growing at a daily average temperature of about 10°C. There are two growth peaks in a year. The first owes from germination to fruit settling and the second time from fruit growth to fruit ripening.
(d) Flowering habits
1, the results of the branches and cross-pollination. The flower buds of rattan pepper are mostly mixed buds. Generally, the results of planting for 3 years will enter the full fruit period after 5-6 years. Saplings are dominated by medium and long branches, and adult trees are dominated by short and middle branches. Self-pollination does not require planting pollination trees.
2, falling flowers and falling fruit. There are two peaks in the physiological drop of Fujiya pepper each year. The first time in one month after flowering, the amount of fruit drop accounted for more than 90% of the total number of fruit drop, and the fruit was dropped for the second time.
3, fruit growth and development. Rattan pepper gradually slows down after a rapid expansion of the fruit (April-May) in one month or so. In the middle and late June, the fruit was colored hard and matured in mid-late July.
(v) Root growth characteristics
1. Roots at different depths. Rattan pepper is a shallow rooted tree species, and the main roots of seedlings are dominant. After the regular root growth decreased, many lateral roots. The main branch of the root system is in the 20-80 cm soil layer. For example, the heavy purple soil and the ridge thin soil are shallow; the loose and airy sandy soil has deep roots.
2, root growth dynamics. The soil temperature of the roots of T. edulis grows at 3–5°C, which is 20–25 days earlier than the germination of shoots above the ground. Its root system has three growth peaks a year. The first time before germination to the spring shoots before the large amount of hair; the second time after the rapid expansion of the fruit to the fruit coloring period; the third time after harvesting the fruit.
Second, rattan pepper cultivation management technology (a) real fertility
1. Seed harvesting and processing. The seedlings selected for nursery should be about the age of 10 years old, be free of pests, and have stable results. The mother trees harvested in high yields year after year. After the fruits that are fully mature (to be cracked) are picked at noon during the sunny day, the fruits are naturally split after being dried in a dry and ventilated room. When the seeds fall off, they are sieved out and put in clean water to soak in water for a day. In the changed water, 1000 times 70% of Kakitobuzin or 600 times 50% of Doin is added to disinfect seeds to prevent seedling diseases.
2, the choice of seedlings. (1) The topography. Choose a place that is not easy to collect water, but can also be watered and ventilated. (2) Soil. Soil is the basis for the growth of seedlings. Soil structure, soil quality and fertility have a direct impact on the growth and development of seedlings. To this end, we must choose a deep, loose, fertile, moist, well-drained place. Tung pepper does not require strict soil pH, grows well in neutral or acidic soils, and grows well in mountainous calcareous soils. (3) Water. Tomato pepper also needs sufficient water during seedling growth, so water sources must be selected for the seedlings.
3, finishing the seedlings. The seedlings must be deep-flipped, leveled and fine-grained to allow the deep soil to mature, enhance the permeability of the soil, and increase the ability to retain fertilizer and water. Only in this way can we grow good seedlings and strong seedlings.
4, sowing time and method.
(1) Period. Sowing time is divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing, which is generally based on autumn sowing. Autumn sowing can reduce the trouble of storing and storing seeds. In the county before the winter, the seedlings grow to more than 10 centimeters high, but it is best to cover the plastic film in winter, and the spring sowing reduces the trouble of winter filming.
(2) Method. Sowing and field sowing and seedbed sowing. Seeding methods can be ordered, drilled and broadcast. In order to facilitate management, seedbed sowing is generally used, and the seedbed (seed) type sowing method is mainly introduced here. The seedlings are made to be 1 meter wide with 30 centimeters of sidewalks between the beds. The bed (box) surface is fine and flat, surrounded by oysters (such as Yuhai pepper seedlings), when the car surface is cleaned, phosphorus fertilizer is applied (calculated according to 100 kg per mu), and the fertilizer is put into the soil in combination with the flat surface. After the plane is leveled, it is infiltrated with fecal light water. Then it is sprinkled into the seed and covered with about 2 centimeters of soil. Then 90% of the original powder of trichlorfon is used to dilute 600 times with the sprayer to spray the soil covering the seed surface. Wet, so one is to maintain a certain degree of humidity on the surface, and the second is to kill the underground pests (such as ants, soil dogs, etc.), so that the seeds will not be lost. Conditionally spread 1 cm thick sawn timber on the surface of the box, which can not only keep warm but also inhibit the growth of weeds.
5. Management after sowing The main management measures after sowing are covered or covered grass, irrigation, fertilization, loose soil, weeding and pest control.
1, cover. In order to maintain the surface soil moisture and temperature, to prevent soil compaction and birds and animals harm, it is best to use plastic membrane covered with arches; also can be covered with straw, but the effect is not as good as agricultural film. After the covered seedbeds emerged early and homogeneous, when the seedling height was 4-5 cm, the seedlings were planted, and the seedlings were densely replenished to make the seedlings evenly distributed.
2, pouring irrigation. In order to ensure the water supply for seedling growth, it is not possible to wait until the seedlings are wilted and watered. Generally when the surface of the soil appears to dry below 50%, it must be watered immediately.
3, fertilization rattan pepper seedlings mainly with organic fertilizer with available nitrogen (urea), can be equipped with biological fertilizer better. The method is to spread the urea or other biological fertilizer on the seedbed evenly and then apply it into the manure. Note: The fertilization at the seedling stage requires eating fewer meals, less applying facilities, and not applying fertilizer to avoid causing fertilizer damage. In the seedling stage, it is necessary to apply root dressings from time to time. It uses trace elements containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and copper. Such as Bao Lifeng 50 grams of water 30 pounds (a spray) leaf spraying.
6, loose soil weeding:
Timely soil loosening, in addition to grass, but also maintained a good permeability of the seedlings, reduce water evaporation, promote gas exchange, promote rapid growth of seedlings. Timely weeding can not only reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also avoid competition between weeds and seedlings.
7, pest control:
From the seeds to the seedlings and the nursery, pest control must be done well. In principle, it is based on prevention, supplemented by governance, and prevention of retreatment. Soilless seedlings at the seedling stage include soil terriers, silkworms, etc., leaf pests such as grasshoppers, and swallowtails. Disease has blight, anthrax and so on. Underground pests were flushed with trichlorfon or landworms, and the leaves were killed with 8 ml of the enemy and 25 grams of carbendazim or 20 mg of thiophanate-methyl was sprayed with 30 pounds of water.
8, container nursery:
Can be used conditional container seedlings, such as paper nutrition bags, plastic film nutrition bags, nutrition bricks and other methods of raising seedlings.
(B) Asexual reproduction
1, grafting technology:
(1) Selection of rootstocks. It is best to use wild sapling saplings as rootstocks, with strong affinity and high resistance to pests and diseases. Can also be used for a total of paste. Small seedlings can be connected, but also the old tree high access.
(2) Grafting method. Available methods such as bud grafting, grafting, cutting, abdomen connection, and snapping are available. The specific method depends on the age of the grafted tree.
Third, the establishment of parks and management (a) the choice of the park:
To establish a rattan garden, choose the sunny slope or semi-sunny slope in the lower part of the slope. Try to choose a slope with a small slope. Where slopes are large, such as slopes larger than 25 degrees should be converted into current seedlings.
(B) Planting period and density:
1, period. It is better to plant vine peppers in spring and winter. The spring planting should be when the buds sprout; winter planting should be carried out before and after the beginning of winter.
2, density. The slopes should be planted densely, with a small slope of 32.5 meters. The thick soil layer can be planted with 33 meters and the acres with 90 plants. After the house, the roadside can be planted at a distance of 2.5 meters.
(three) the method of colonization:
In the well-planned field, nests are planted at a suitable planting distance. The thin ridges of soil stratify large nests with a size of 707050 cm to 60 cm. The deep soil can be used as a small nest with a size of 404040 cm. Conditional organic fertilizers such as livestock or earth-fertilizer are applied to the nest. When the soil is returned to half, add 250-500 grams of phosphate or superphosphate to each litter, and then return the soil and mix with the phosphate fertilizer. Soil can be cultivated by returning to the ground and the ground. Note: The root system of the seedlings cannot be directly contacted with the fertilizer to avoid burning the root and affecting the survival. When the seedlings are planted, the middle of the nests is piled into a steamed bun, and then the seedlings are placed on the buns. The roots are spread out around the roots. After the root system is covered with moist fine soil, the seedlings are planted in the left hand, and the soiled roots are planted in the right foot. Surrounded by mud and then piled with mud into mounds. Then, once the root water is poured, it is covered with a plastic film, which can not only increase the temperature and heat, but also promote the rapid growth of the seedlings, and save the labor and water resources for multiple watering.
(d) Intercropping:
A reasonable intercropping can make full use of land, increase economic income, but also improve soil fertility, and promote the growth and development of rattan pepper seedlings. In general, it can be used as an intercropped crop for crops such as soybeans, red clams, hummus, artichokes, and vegetables grown in vines for 3 to 5 years.
(E) Fertilization:
The most important nutrients for the growth and development of the rattan pepper tree and fruit are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These three elements are mainly derived from organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. To achieve economic benefits, we must achieve the purpose of high quality and high output. It is advisable that the farmers of the proposed rattan peppers take the following measures: the young trees use the livestock manure + urea to attack the tree crown, and the results should be organic compound fertilizer or bio-composite fertilizer + livestock manure. The unsuccessful tree can be gradually increased by adding 100 grams of urea to each of the livestock manure (50 kilograms). The result tree can be applied 3 times a year. In the early spring, the application of a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer for priming of shoots and fertilizers is to use fecal light water against urea, depending on the age of the tree and the expected yield. The rapid expansion of the fruit of the plant applies 250-500 g of compound fertilizer and 10 kg of livestock manure. After harvesting, 250-500 g of compound fertilizer and 10-20 kg of livestock manure were applied.
(6) Measures for maintaining flowers and fruits:
1, drought, flood control. When the temperature is high in spring and summer, it must be watered in time. In the event of heavy rain, it is necessary to drain water and prevent flooding so as not to root trees.
2, increase fertilizer material. Can follow the method of applying foliar fertilizer, spray some trace elements, enhance the ability of the tree to fight drought. The method is to use potassium dihydrogen phosphate 30 grams + Bao Lifeng or Green Fenwei 25 grams + 20 grams of boron fertilizer + 50 grams of urea spraying, can also be combined with pesticides. Severe drought when sprayed once every 7-10 days, even sprayed 2-3 times, can have good results.
(seven) plastic trim:
1, pruning time. After picking fruit in the year and before sprouting next spring, it is best to prune immediately after fruit picking. It is conducive to improving the light conditions, artificially adjusting the tree nutrient distribution, promoting flower bud differentiation, and increasing tree nutrient accumulation.
2, pruning method. Through pruning, reasonable branches can be made inside and outside the canopy, which is good for high quality and high yield, mainly based on short cuts and sparse shearing. (1) Chopped. The degree of chopped cutting is light and heavy. Light shear cuts about 1/5 to 1/3 of the shoots, heavy shear cuts about 2/3 to 3/4 of the shoots, and controls the extension of the main branches. Light shear should be adopted. Weak branches should be cut. (2) sparsely cut. It is to cut all the branches. Mainly pests and branches, dead branches, delicate branches, over dense branches, drooping branches that cannot be used, and overlapping branches.
Young trees: The principle of good shaping and results. In the first year of planting, cut about 80 centimeters from the ground; in the second year, shoots 30 to 50 centimeters away from the trunk are removed before germination, and 3-5 main branches are evenly kept in different directions for chopping, which is not short-cut. . Only the densely crowded branches, competing branches, thin and weak branches, disease and insect branches, and long and strong branches were eliminated.
Results tree: Gradually remove redundant branches and improve plastic surgery. And carefully trim the inner branch. The main sparse approach is to achieve light transmission within the canopy. Strengthen the results of the branches to support strong, reasonable space, so that the internal and external branches are uniform, easy to harvest.
Old Tree: mainly sparse. Draw large branches, go to weak branches and leave large buds. Update the rejuvenation result sticks in time. The principle is to keep the old and young, to stay strong, and restore the tree.
IV. Pest Control (I) Diseases:
1, root rot. Root rot is the most common disease of pepper plants and can occur from adult trees to nurseries. The main symptoms are discoloration and rot, partial odor, separation of root bark and wood, and black wood; the leaves of the aboveground part become smaller, yellowing, undergrowth of branches, small fruit, and death of the whole plant when the disease is severe.
Control methods: (1) Must choose the drainage area to plant the vine pepper; (2) The good seedling period prevention and treatment. In the nursery with 15% rust 500-800 times liquid prevention. (3) Root the roots with 500-800 times 70% thiophanate-methyl, and 500-800 times with 15% rust.
2, dry rot. The disease caused early tree defoliation, abnormal growth. The diseased area was mainly dry and the lesions were wet and rot. The disease was brown and white hyphae were visible during peeling.
Control methods: (1) Remove dead and diseased branches. (2) Spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl 400-800 times solution or 50% carbendazim 500-times solution has a certain effect.
3, brown spot: (1) brown spot disease symptoms and the route of infection, mainly damage the leaves. The lesions gradually spread from the bottom up in the tree, causing early defoliation.
Control methods: (1) winter and spring garden. (2) In the initial stage of disease, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 50% carbendazim 600 times solution was used.
(b) Insect pests:
1, swallow butterfly. Adult body length 25-30 mm, yellow-green body, like bean yellow.
Control methods: (1) Manually capture adult worms, (2) larvae spray 80% trichlorfon 800 times or 2.5% enemy kill 2,000 times. Interval 10-15 days once. Even spray twice.
2, locusts. The body is yellow-green or yellow and autumn is dark green. It is female with wings. 20-30 generations a year, serious harm.
Control methods: spraying in the early spring incubation period. Can choose to use 2.5% enemy killed 2000 times liquid, scorpion net 2000 times liquid spraying, winter spray wave US 3-5 degrees lime sulfur agent.
3. Tianniu. Adults 19-24 mm, black. 2-3 years have happened. The larvae mainly feed on the bark, entering the xylem in May-June and seriously damaging the growth of the tree.
Prevention methods. (1) During the larvae of April, scrape off the bark of the harmful part with a knife, or in May, use a steel wire to kill the larvae that have fallen into the wood. (2) In mid-August, artificially catch mating adults, (3) drug control, use 80% of dichlorvos EC 500 times solution to inject wormholes, and then close the wormholes with mud, the effect is good.
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