With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of dietary structure, beef has gradually become the new favorite of the table, which is inconsistent with the fact that China's beef production accounts for a very low proportion of the total amount of meat. Therefore, for a long period of time in the future, beef cattle industry will be the focus of animal husbandry development. The mountain beef cattle breeding industry is an important component of China's animal husbandry. Due to factors such as natural conditions, inconvenient transportation and low consumption levels, the development has been slow. This article combines the resources conditions in mountainous areas and proposes a comprehensive technology for beef cattle breeding suitable for the mountainous areas in southern China in view of the problems existing in beef cattle breeding.
First, the improved varieties of yellow cattle in the region generally have good adaptability to local natural conditions, and have the advantages of strong disease resistance, resistance to roughage, etc. However, due to long-term service-oriented, poor performance of meat production, the main performance is not full-bodied body, slaughter And the net meat rate is not high. Therefore, it is economically unfavorable to directly use local breeds as beef cattle for fattening, with low daily weight gain and a long fattening cycle. The use of exotic beef cattle hybrids with local breeds can absorb the fullness of their body, fast weight gain, high feed utilization rate, and good meat production performance. They complement each other with local breeds and gain greater returns. The beef cattle breeds popularized and applied in China include Simmental, Angus, Limousin, Charolais, etc. The mountain farmer or farm can rely on the local breeding station and use artificial insemination technology to carry out the cross of local cattle. , will produce the hybrid offspring for fast fattening. The use of Simmental cattle in the Dabie Mountains in Hubei Province improved the local yellow cattle. The age and weight of the cross-bred progeny were all increased by more than 40% compared with the local breeds. At the age of 2 years, the slaughtered cockroach weighted 180 kg, 71 kg more meat than the local cattle. The Nishimoto hybrid cattle not only has the advantages of large size and strong physique of Simmental, but also maintains the characteristics of disease resistance and coarseness of local yellow cattle, and the service performance is also improved. It should be pointed out that while the conditional regions are promoting fine varieties, it is better to carry out three-way hybrids or progressive hybrids, and the effect will be better.
2. Processing technology of crop stalks Crop stalks have a wide range of sources and a large number of crop stalks. After processing and processing, it is a good feed for beef cattle, especially as a raw material for fattening and wintering periods. The processing of straw has three methods: silage, ammoniation and micro-storage. The latter two methods are commonly used. The ammoniation of straw can be carried out according to the following steps: 1. Site preparation: The ground stacking method is used to select a flat site and to lay a plastic sheet; to use an ammoxidation tank for ammoniation, it is necessary to install the pool ahead of time and wipe it with cement. ; 2. Straw preparation: The straw with a trowel or rake into a short straw 3 to 5 cm long, and weighed; 3. Material preparation: according to 100 kg of air-dried straw, with 4 to 5 kg of urea, with 60 ~ 80 kg of water is mixed and mixed; 4. Ammoniadization: The straw is stacked or layered in an ammoxidation tank, a layer of urea water is piled on top of the pile, and it is pressed on the foot, especially the wall of the ammoniation tank. It should be compacted, sealed with a plastic cloth, and should not be leaked. The top and all sides of the plastic cloth can be compacted with soil. 5. Ammonia time: Determine the time required for ammoniating according to temperature, when the temperature is above 30°C. In the case of ammoniation for 10 days, it takes 20 days at 20 to 30°C, 30 days at 10 to 20°C, and 60 days at 0 to 10°C. 6. Feeding method: When you need to feed ammoniated straw The paragraphs were opened in layers and re-sealed. Afterwards, the plastic sheets were re-sealed. How much was taken was used. The day was taken out in the shade and the cattle were fed on the second day. The micro-storage method of straw is similar to ammoxidation, except that the ingredients are different. According to 1000 kg of straw, 3 g of live dried bacteria, 8 to 10 kg of salt, 1,000 to 1200 kg of water are used, and 2 kg of water are prepared for preparation. 20 grams of white sugar, mix well, pour into the live dry bacterium to dissolve completely, mix the broth, and then pour the broth into fully dissolved 0.8% to 1.0% salt water to micro-storage. Salt, 250 g/m2, can be fed 20 to 30 days after storage.
Third, the rapid fattening technology The rapid fattening of beef cattle in mountainous areas has two kinds of the most commonly used methods, one is grazing plus feeding, and the other is simple feeding and fattening. The former method is simple and easy to use, with local resources as its main focus and less investment. It is suitable for areas where grassland resources are abundant and labor-intensive. Fattening cattle grazing during the day and feed grass or stalks at night after harvest, and they can eat freely. The concentrate feeds 1.5 kilograms per day. The fattening period is generally 3 months and the cattle is sold at a weight of about 350 kilograms. The latter method uses ammoniated or micro-storage straw as the main feed, supplements concentrates appropriately, feeds the cows throughout the day, feeds enough straw every day for the cows to feed, and concentrates 2 to 2.5 kg per day. This method saves labor and energy The fattening period is about 3 months. The average daily gain of beef cattle is 1 to 1.1 kg. Farmers can choose the right fattening method in combination with the local area to achieve the desired effect. In summary, the beef cattle breeding technology in the mountainous areas can be summarized as follows: Crossbreeds or shelf cattle produced by local cattle are used as fattening cattle sources by crossbreeding domestic and foreign fine beef breeds, and micro-storage and ammoniated forage of fat crop straws are combined with fattening essences. Feeding, fast fattening by grazing plus captivity or simply feeding can significantly increase the economic benefits of beef cattle production.
First, the improved varieties of yellow cattle in the region generally have good adaptability to local natural conditions, and have the advantages of strong disease resistance, resistance to roughage, etc. However, due to long-term service-oriented, poor performance of meat production, the main performance is not full-bodied body, slaughter And the net meat rate is not high. Therefore, it is economically unfavorable to directly use local breeds as beef cattle for fattening, with low daily weight gain and a long fattening cycle. The use of exotic beef cattle hybrids with local breeds can absorb the fullness of their body, fast weight gain, high feed utilization rate, and good meat production performance. They complement each other with local breeds and gain greater returns. The beef cattle breeds popularized and applied in China include Simmental, Angus, Limousin, Charolais, etc. The mountain farmer or farm can rely on the local breeding station and use artificial insemination technology to carry out the cross of local cattle. , will produce the hybrid offspring for fast fattening. The use of Simmental cattle in the Dabie Mountains in Hubei Province improved the local yellow cattle. The age and weight of the cross-bred progeny were all increased by more than 40% compared with the local breeds. At the age of 2 years, the slaughtered cockroach weighted 180 kg, 71 kg more meat than the local cattle. The Nishimoto hybrid cattle not only has the advantages of large size and strong physique of Simmental, but also maintains the characteristics of disease resistance and coarseness of local yellow cattle, and the service performance is also improved. It should be pointed out that while the conditional regions are promoting fine varieties, it is better to carry out three-way hybrids or progressive hybrids, and the effect will be better.
2. Processing technology of crop stalks Crop stalks have a wide range of sources and a large number of crop stalks. After processing and processing, it is a good feed for beef cattle, especially as a raw material for fattening and wintering periods. The processing of straw has three methods: silage, ammoniation and micro-storage. The latter two methods are commonly used. The ammoniation of straw can be carried out according to the following steps: 1. Site preparation: The ground stacking method is used to select a flat site and to lay a plastic sheet; to use an ammoxidation tank for ammoniation, it is necessary to install the pool ahead of time and wipe it with cement. ; 2. Straw preparation: The straw with a trowel or rake into a short straw 3 to 5 cm long, and weighed; 3. Material preparation: according to 100 kg of air-dried straw, with 4 to 5 kg of urea, with 60 ~ 80 kg of water is mixed and mixed; 4. Ammoniadization: The straw is stacked or layered in an ammoxidation tank, a layer of urea water is piled on top of the pile, and it is pressed on the foot, especially the wall of the ammoniation tank. It should be compacted, sealed with a plastic cloth, and should not be leaked. The top and all sides of the plastic cloth can be compacted with soil. 5. Ammonia time: Determine the time required for ammoniating according to temperature, when the temperature is above 30°C. In the case of ammoniation for 10 days, it takes 20 days at 20 to 30°C, 30 days at 10 to 20°C, and 60 days at 0 to 10°C. 6. Feeding method: When you need to feed ammoniated straw The paragraphs were opened in layers and re-sealed. Afterwards, the plastic sheets were re-sealed. How much was taken was used. The day was taken out in the shade and the cattle were fed on the second day. The micro-storage method of straw is similar to ammoxidation, except that the ingredients are different. According to 1000 kg of straw, 3 g of live dried bacteria, 8 to 10 kg of salt, 1,000 to 1200 kg of water are used, and 2 kg of water are prepared for preparation. 20 grams of white sugar, mix well, pour into the live dry bacterium to dissolve completely, mix the broth, and then pour the broth into fully dissolved 0.8% to 1.0% salt water to micro-storage. Salt, 250 g/m2, can be fed 20 to 30 days after storage.
Third, the rapid fattening technology The rapid fattening of beef cattle in mountainous areas has two kinds of the most commonly used methods, one is grazing plus feeding, and the other is simple feeding and fattening. The former method is simple and easy to use, with local resources as its main focus and less investment. It is suitable for areas where grassland resources are abundant and labor-intensive. Fattening cattle grazing during the day and feed grass or stalks at night after harvest, and they can eat freely. The concentrate feeds 1.5 kilograms per day. The fattening period is generally 3 months and the cattle is sold at a weight of about 350 kilograms. The latter method uses ammoniated or micro-storage straw as the main feed, supplements concentrates appropriately, feeds the cows throughout the day, feeds enough straw every day for the cows to feed, and concentrates 2 to 2.5 kg per day. This method saves labor and energy The fattening period is about 3 months. The average daily gain of beef cattle is 1 to 1.1 kg. Farmers can choose the right fattening method in combination with the local area to achieve the desired effect. In summary, the beef cattle breeding technology in the mountainous areas can be summarized as follows: Crossbreeds or shelf cattle produced by local cattle are used as fattening cattle sources by crossbreeding domestic and foreign fine beef breeds, and micro-storage and ammoniated forage of fat crop straws are combined with fattening essences. Feeding, fast fattening by grazing plus captivity or simply feeding can significantly increase the economic benefits of beef cattle production.
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