The use of traditional medicines and antibiotics as poultry growth promoters is gradually being restricted. According to reports, by July 1999, only four types of pharmaceutical feed additives in the EU could be used for pig and poultry production. They are Avilamycin, bambermycin, monensin, and Salinomycin. The banned additives are: avoparcin, caybadox, olaaquindox, spiramycin, tylosin, virginiamycin and bacitracin zinc . This is undoubtedly a challenge for poultry production. It also means that there is a very broad prospect for the use of biological agents as growth-promoting additives and as a means of preventing and curing diseases to improve and improve the performance of poultry. At present, the use of biological agents in poultry production can be roughly classified as follows: 1. Prebiotics Because there are certain interactions between various bacteria, some bacteria rely on the digestive products of other bacteria as their own nutritional donors. A pathogenic or de facto bacteria may be at the end of this series of chain reactions. This series of reactions may lead to the outbreak of disease or a decrease in growth rate. Through the study of the competitive exclusion mechanism of microbial flora, it is possible to obtain optimal production capacity and reduce losses through microbial colonization in the intestine for biological regulation. The stability of intestinal microflora can be stabilized by feeding microorganisms that are generally considered safe. This stabilizing effect is based on the principle of competitive inhibition. That is, probiotics are beneficial to beneficial bacteria as the main flora of the intestine, and harmful bacteria cannot adhere. In the gastrointestinal epithelial cells. The host animal can obtain additional metabolic energy from the lower fatty acids produced by the microbial activity. Furthermore, biologically-controlled exogenous microorganisms cannot colonize the gastrointestinal tract, and they have been unfamiliar with the host. Feeding them continuously to commercial poultry can always stimulate the poultry defense system. 2. Acidifiers Many organic acids inhibit the action of microorganisms. They can be used in feeds to control the growth of moulds and bacteria during the storage of feed ingredients and feed products. Commonly used organic acids are: acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid. Fumaric acid has broad prospect as a stress protective agent for poultry. In the prevention of adverse effects of stress on poultry flock, the test group chicks were fed with 10 days of fumaric acid (100 mg/kg body weight) before and after the group was divided. The result was that the control group had a mortality rate of 4% within a 15-day adaptation period and a weight gain of 6.4. %; The mortality rate in the experimental group was 1% and the weight gain was 13%. In the prevention of transport stress tests, fumaric acid can reduce body tension and restore normal organ activity. Folic acid (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered 20 days before and 15 days after immunization, and the degree of change in antioxidant capacity of the body was significantly reduced. Feeding 0.7% fumaric acid into the feed of 30-day-old chicks after hatching can effectively prevent warts. Adding 0.15% fumaric acid to broiler chicken feed and adding 0.25% fumaric acid to meat ducks increased weight gain by 1.58% to 5.35%, feed consumption decreased by 3.2% to 6.2%, and survival rate increased by 6.6% to 12.2% . According to Zhang Wenju (1994), adding 0.4% citric acid to the broiler diet can increase broiler weight gain by 2.97%, improve digestion and absorption, and improve feed utilization. Liang Junnong et al. (1997) conducted a study on chickens. The results showed that adding 0.1% citric acid had a significant effect on the growth and development of chicks, and 0.1%-0.2% supplementation could increase the feed conversion rate of 1-6 week old chicks. And as the age increases, the increase increases. Liu Guilin et al. (1994) reported that 0.25% citric acid can increase broiler intake, daily gain (8.42%) and feed conversion. Liu Weidong (1997) added citric acid to high-temperature additives in laying hens to play a significant role in fighting heat stress, maintaining the growth of laying hens, ensuring the health of the birds, and reducing the death of chickens. From the perspective of daily gain, feed utilization and effects, the effect of citric acid> fumaric acid> formic acid, compound acidifier was better than that of a single acidifier. It is generally believed that adding an appropriate amount of acidifying agent will have a significant growth promoting effect. The insufficient amount of acid can not achieve the effect of reducing the pH value of the digestive tract to a suitable degree; excessive addition of acid may result in decreased palatability and increased costs. The amount of acidifier added is affected by factors such as the type of diet and the age of the animal. The effect of use depends on the amount of use. Experiments have shown that the dosage of fumaric acid in corn-soybean meal diets is 300 mg/kg, and the suitable amount of fumarate in wheat, barley, soybean meal, dairy products and fish meal is 5 g/kg. Chen Bin et al. (1995) suggested that the pH of the basal diet and the pH after acidification should be considered as an important basis for considering the appropriate amount of acidifier. In addition, how to determine the appropriate pH range for feeding at different ages needs further study. 3. Chicken yolk antibody New feed additives with anti-specific antigen and directly fed chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IGY) as an alternative antibiotic are attracting attention. Chicken egg yolk antibody is produced by laying hens for about 15 days. The corresponding IGY is generated and reaches the peak sooner. It can produce a longer period of immune response. The titer can be maintained for several months to more than one year. Its concentration activity and function It can be adjusted by raising the hens. Chicken antibodies can be used as growth promoters instead of antibiotics and do not produce drug residues. 3.1 Antimicrobial effects of poultry antibodies A new method of prevention and control of E. coli in the digestive tract is the addition of poultry antibodies. Inhibition of chicken antibody and E. coli mixture E. coli growth In vitro tests demonstrated that chicken anti-E. coli cell wall membrane antibodies can attenuate or inhibit the growth of the bacteria on E. coli culture plates. In this study, known concentrations of chicken antibodies were added to different concentrations of E. coli cultures, and then placed at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture of antibodies and E. coli was added to agar plates and cultured at 35°C for 18 h. As a result, it was observed that E. coli growth was inhibited when 0.25 mg of antibody solution per ml culture was added. The total amount of antibody in a chicken antibody varies depending on the amount of contact and the degree of exposure of the chicken to the pathogen. The antibody's ability to prevent E. coli from attaching to intestinal cells has also been demonstrated in anti-Salmonella. In this study, anti-Salmonella antibodies were incubated with Salmonella and intestinal cells. When the amount of antibody added was 1 mg/ml, the amount of Salmonella attached to intestinal cells decreased; when the amount of antibody added was 10 mg/ml, the effect was best. 3.2 Anti-urease enzyme urease is an enzyme produced by the animal's gastrointestinal tract bacteria, which can convert urea into ammonia, while ammonia can destroy the integrity of intestinal mucosa, relieve the toxicity of excessive ammonia is a high energy consumption process . Anti-urease antibodies are used in aircraft hen production. High immunity eggs are collected and homogenized and lyophilized. Pimentel and Cook (1988) and Pimentel (1991) used passive immunization methods to prove that the growth rate and feed of their offspring were better than those of unvaccinated hens, Cook and Pimentel (1996). Pimentel (1998) demonstrated the effect of oral chicken anti-urease antibodies on chicken and pig performance. If urease is inhibited by chicken antibodies, the production of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract will be reduced. In this way, the saved energy can be used for growth; on the other hand, the chicken body can maintain the growth rate with less energy feed. The results of commercial broiler chickens showed that chickens fed different concentrations (25 mg/kg-250 mg/kg) of anti-urease antibodies had improved body weight and feed conversion rates. 3.3 The anti-cholecystokinin (cck) antibody cck can rapidly suppress the appetite of poultry and mammals and reduce the animal's feed intake. Can reduce the poultry manure capsule contraction, control the speed of the goods into the small intestine; the same time cck can increase the speed of intestinal peristalsis and reduce the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Feeding chickens with anti-cck antibody significantly improved the feed conversion rate, and at the same time improved the unfavorable effects such as reduced feed conversion rate of chickens caused by feeding raw soybean meal. 4. Competitive exclusion cultures (cometitiv exclusion cultures) Competitive exclusion cultures (ce) Culture method: Brain and heart infusions are inoculated with cecal wall scrapers and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours (to ensure that 16 species of birds are not included in the immersion fluid Pathogens), subculture 150ml/ml glycerol and frozen in liquid nitrogen before use, according to 10ml/ml brain heart infusion, 37 °C culture 48h. In actual production, eggs are rarely infected with Salmonella before hatching. However, sample tests on commercial incubators showed that 5%-9% of day-old chicks were positive for Salmonella, suggesting that a significant portion of Salmonella transmission occurred during the incubation process. Competitive production rejection and culture are commonly used in actual production and testing to prevent S. Gallinarum infection. This method is an effective method to prevent live poultry from infecting Salmonella in the environment. Experiments have shown that if a hatchery is contaminated with Salmonella-contaminated chick embryos, the entire hatchery will be contaminated, and chicks treated with CE will be protected. However, CE treatment before chicken embryo contamination can greatly reduce CE treatment effects. 5. Enzymes Enzymes are used in poultry feeds and have the following effects: 1. Remove anti-nutritional factors (eg, beta-glucan from cereals); 2. Improve digestibility of nutrients in feed (eg, phosphorus in phytate). 3. Improve non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility; 4. Supplement poultry endogenous enzymes (naturally occurring in the intestine). Phytase is the most used in poultry feed, which can increase the utilization of phosphorus in phytate and reduce mineral phosphorus. As to how much the effective phosphorus can be reduced, it depends on the availability of substituted phosphorus, the activity of the enzyme, and the uniformity of feed mixing. Under ideal conditions, it is possible to reduce the effective phosphorus level of feed by 0.2%. Recent studies have shown that the addition of enzymes in broiler chicken feed with 60% and 30% soybean meal can increase the feed conversion rate by 7%. The mechanism is mainly to improve the digestibility of galactomannan in the intestinal tract of chickens. 6. Yeast cell wall extract (MOS) The mannan oligosaccharide protein (mos) in the cell wall of the yeast has a great influence on animal immunity. It helps greatly in the improvement of the gastrointestinal microbial flora and can reduce the intestinal pathogenicity. Bacteria, while preventing pathogens from colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. A study by the Danish Poultry Counseling Office in Petersen et al. (1999) compared MOS with 1 kg ton of feed and compared it with direct feeding of microorganisms (Lactobacillus) and organic acids to feed Rose broilers for a test period of 36 days. The results showed that broilers fed MOS weighed 0.6% more than organic acids, 4.3% more than those fed Lactobacillus, and had high feed utilization rates and lowest mortality rates. During the first 2 weeks of feeding MOS, the MOS group had the lowest amount of water, which was good for keeping litter dry, improving air quality in the poultry house (reducing ammonia concentration) and ketone body quality. 7. Chinese Herbal Preparations Chinese herbal preparations have the following characteristics: 1. Natural, containing the main natural ingredients, play a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases, promote growth, and no drug residue, no drug resistance and no toxic side effects. 2. Full-featured, nutritious, non-specific immunity, hormone-like effects, anti-stress, antibiotic-like, and vitamin-like effects. 3. The production process is simple, and the production process is drug inspection, drying, weighing, crushing, mixing, dispensing and inspection. 4. Environmental protection effect, its main components are alkaloids, terpenoids, volatile oils, organic acids, resins, organic acids, pigments, amino acids, vitamins and trace elements, etc. It is a truly environment-friendly additive and application: aroma and deodorant, Increase appetite; improve meat quality; promote growth and improve feed efficiency; increase egg production rate and utilization rate of breeder roosters. Research and development direction: Intensive research on pharmacodynamics, forming a complete theoretical system, understanding the composition and effects of Chinese herbal medicines at the molecular level, studying the relationship between dosage forms and efficacy, developing drug resources, improving crude product, large dosage, etc., pay attention to products Standardization and content accuracy. Develop quality indicators and monitoring methods. In-depth research into the processing technology, the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine varies greatly depending on the picking place, and the quality of good raw materials is such as drying, metering, and mixing. Paying attention to concoction is also one of the important measures to ensure efficacy.
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In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, more and more citizens have started to adopt pets. Correspondingly, various kinds of pet stores have also appeared.
As people's living standards improve, the new economy of pet economy will be born and prosper. From the initial pet market to the pet army, a series of industries such as pet food, hospitals, beauty care, foster care, foster care, training, graves and even pet marriage agencies cover every aspect of pet's life, "Money King" a great. Pet after a complete industrial chain has been gradually formed, and continue to extend to manufacturing and service industries in all areas, the pet industry is expected to become China's future the most profitable one of the top ten emerging industries. However, during the rapid development of pet economy, a series of problems such as shoddy, counterfeit and shoddy prices and abnormally high prices gradually emerge, seriously restricting the further development of the pet market.
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