Licorice is a leguminous plant, dried roots and rhizomes of licorice, licorice or licorice, which is a commonly used bulk medicine. Wild licorice is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu and other places; planting licorice is mainly distributed in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu, around the west of Yunnan and parts of Ningxia. Licorice is a national second-class protected plant that is not allowed to be excavated. Due to the protection of licorice wild resources and the increasing amount of licorice, the contradiction between supply and demand of licorice is intensified. In order to solve this contradiction, artificial cultivation of licorice is imperative. At the same time, it is very important to control the quality index of licorice cultivation. It is recommended to select HPLC fingerprint. Control the quality of licorice.
1. Morphological characteristics and efficacy of licorice
1.1 Morphological characteristics The height of licorice is 50-120 cm; the root is thick, cylindrical, reddish brown; the rhizome is horizontal, the shape and color are similar to the root; the stem is erect, densely covered with white short hair and thorny gland; Leaves, 7-17-lobed; ovate or elliptic; raceose axate, sateately sessate, sately sately sately sately lanceolate; Weak alkaline sand, grassland, sand raft, river bank and desert and semi-desert environment. The licorice product is cylindrical, 25-100cm long, 0.6-3.5cm in diameter, reddish-brown or gray-brown on the surface, with obvious longitudinal wrinkles and sparse fine root marks. The material is solid, the section is slightly fibrous, yellowish white. The quality is uniform, the skin is fine red, the texture is firm and oily, the section is yellow and white, and the taste is sweet.
1.2 The effect of licorice is flat, sweet, and return to the twelve classics. It has pharmacological effects such as detoxification, phlegm, pain relief, antispasmodic and anti-cancer. In traditional Chinese medicine, licorice supplements the spleen and replenishes qi, nourishes the lungs, relieves the detoxification, and reconciles 100 medicines. Clinical application is divided into "raw use" and "candied". Health and treatment of sore throat, pain, hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal ulcers and antidote toxins, food poisoning, etc.; candied fruit treatment of spleen and stomach dysfunction, thin stools, fatigue, fever and cough, heart palpitations and so on. In addition, licorice combined with soybean has a detoxifying effect. However, it should not be used together with Jingda, Huanhua, Ganzi and seaweed.
1.3 The main ingredient licorice contains a variety of chemical components, in addition to the main components such as glycyrrhizic acid, licorice, etc., it also contains glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, isoglycyrrhizin, new licorice, new licorice, glycyrrhizin, isoglycyrrhizin. And dozens of compounds such as licorice, glycyrrhizin, isoglyciol, 7-methyl coumarin, umbelliferone. According to a large number of studies, glycyrrhizic acid and flavonoids are the most important physiologically active substances in licorice, mainly in the parts of the licorice root epidermis. Glycyrrhizic acid has the molecular formula C42H62O16, which is a digluconate of glycyrrhetinic acid, which is a sweet component of licorice and is present in licorice plants. It forms a sheet or prismatic crystal in acetic acid and decomposes in water at 220 ° C.
2. Licorice seedling transplanting technology
In order to meet the large demand of the market, large-scale artificial cultivation of licorice has begun at home and abroad, and mechanized seedling transplanting technology has been gradually developed. The roots of licorice are soft and the roots are easy to entangle with each other. If the seedlings are improper, it is easy to cause the seedlings to break or the phenomenon of heavy seedlings and seedlings, and the plant spacing is small, and the artificial seedlings have high labor intensity and poor reliability. At present, semi-automatic transplanting machines in developed countries are very mature, and China's semi-automatic transplanting machines are still in the primary development stage, especially for licorice transplanting and widely promoted. The licorice transplanting machine with excellent performance, low cost and convenient operation is urgently needed in the market.
The licorice planting is mainly based on seedling transplanting. The seedlings are first planted in the nursery for 1 year. In the autumn or the spring of the next year, the seedlings are transplanted into the field. When transplanting, it is mainly flat planting, and the seedlings are required to be straight and without branching. The root strips are 20-40 cm long and the thickness is uniform.
2.1 Planting licorice is a deep-rooted plant. Therefore, it should be planted with fertile soil, loose texture, well-drained and organic-rich plots. The former glutinous rice is best for wheat, corn and melon, and boiled with beets and sunflowers. .
2.2 When the soil preparation is completed, the depth is 40cm, and the organic fertilizer is 2000-3000 kg/667m2, and the diammonium phosphate is 18-20 kg/667m2. When used as a crucible, the crucible is 20-30 cm wide, 20 cm high, and 2.0-2.5 m wide.
2.3 Seed treatment Seeds with full grain and no mold are selected. Because the licorice seed is hard and thick, the water permeability is poor, it is not easy to emerge after sowing, and the germination rate is low, so seed treatment must be carried out. After the seeds are boiled in boiling water for 5 minutes, add cold water to 40 ° C, soak for 12 hours, remove the swollen seeds, rinse the skin with hand wax, rinse with water 3-5 times, remove and dry to the seeds. The epidermis is whitish. Remove the hard seed, dry it and add 95%-98% concentrated sulfuric acid, stir evenly, treat it at 25 °C for 2 hours, then rinse with water for 6-8 times.
2.4 Seeding surface temperature can be sown at 10 °C. The suitable time for spring sowing is from Qingming to Guyu. The suitable time for summer sowing is from Lixia to Xiaoman. The autumn sowing is carried out before the land is frozen, and the spring blooms. Ditch the flat surface on the ridge, spread the seeds evenly on the ridge surface, and crush the soil after 2 cm. In order to prevent grass damage, the trifluralin herbicide can be sprayed on the ridge surface, and the seeding is carried out after spraying for 6 days, and the seeding amount is 5-8kg/667m2. Licorice is a thermophilic crop with an optimum germination temperature of 24°C-35°C. Under the conditions of suitable temperature and humidity, emergence after 7-18 days of sowing.
2.5 Seedling management To prevent seedling death, methyl thiophanate powder and urea can be sprayed on the leaves. When licorice grows 4-6 true leaves, urea is applied in combination with the cultivating ditch. When it grows to 10 leaves, the weeds in the field are removed in time. 10-12 million strains of seedlings per 667m2. If there is a phenomenon of lack of seedling and ridge, it should be replanted as soon as possible. After the ridge is closed, the grass in the field is removed, and the water in the field is drained in time to prevent rotten roots.
2.6 transplanting will dig out the main root, retain the bud head, remove the tail root, and arrange it into a 30-40cm root strip, and transplant it according to the thick and slender short grade. The planting distance is 7-10cm deep, and the licorice root is planted horizontally, obliquely planted or planted in the ditch, covering the soil 10cm, and the pressure is kept. Planting 1.8-22,000 plants per 667m2, and pouring a fixed amount of water before freezing. Before planting the seedlings, weeding 1-2 times to keep the field free of weeds. When the seedling height is 8-15cm, the seedlings are fixed at 6-8cm, and the small, weak and diseased seedlings are removed, and 50-100g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 100-150g of urea are sprayed per 667m2 of the leaf surface. When the growth of the upper part of the area is weakened, the second fat is chased. After emergence, appropriate "small seedlings".
3. HPLC fingerprint of licorice
The HPLC fingerprint method of licorice was established in the HPLC fingerprint of wild and cultivated licorice. It has good stability and reproducibility. It has 16 peaks of wild licorice and 18 peaks of cultivated products. The chemical composition is consistent. of.
In the "HPLC fingerprint analysis of medicinal herbs", the corresponding fingerprints were established for different varieties. The fingerprints of licorice fingerprints had 38 fingerprint peaks, which were divided into 8 fingerprint regions to compare the differences of licorice fingerprints of different varieties. Due to factors such as origin, climate and ecological environment, there are some differences in the composition of different licorice materials. The quality control of medicinal herbs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia is limited to the determination of single components, and the fingerprint is an internationally recognized traditional Chinese medicine. The effective means of quality can control the quality of wild and cultivated licorice, and ensure the safety of people's medication and its medicinal properties.
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