Abalone mushroom (Pleurotus abalonus), also known as abalone ear ear, Pleurotus ostreatus, naturally occurs in the summer hot season, so it is also called Pleurotus ostreatus. In the hot summer, most of the edible fungi could not grow, but it thrived, enriched the people's food basket, and increased the income of the mushroom farmers. Because it can use a variety of crop straws and other raw materials to cultivate in the summer, and the products are easier to preserve and transport, so it has broad prospects for development.
Abalone mushroom meat hypertrophy, mushroom handle thick, unique flavor, rich in nutrition. According to reports, the fruit body contains crude protein 19.20%, fat 13.49%, soluble sugar 16.61%, crude fiber 4.80%, arginine 1.30%, lysine 1.0953%. The total amount of amino acids was 21.874%, of which the essential amino acid was 8.6455%, which was higher than other Pleurotus ostreatus and slightly higher than that of Enoki mushroom.
one. Biological characteristics
(I) Morphology and ecology The characteristics of the mycelia of the abalone mushroom are black spores, which develop into large fruit bodies. The fruiting body is solitary or gregarious. The mushroom covers a fan shape with a diameter of 5-2Ocm. The entire cover has a cystic body, bristle-like, wall-thick, nearly cylindrical to near-bar-shaped, dark brown to dark brown, with a size of 25-40x6-11 μm and a lock-like joint at the base. Mushroom handle solid, dense texture, eccentric or lateral, 5-8cm long, 1-3cm in diameter, white or pale grayish white. The pleat spacing is slightly wider, prolonged, and there are many veins. The rim is sometimes grayish black, and the rim of the pleats forms a black circle at the junction with the shank. There are 4 spores on the burden, smooth. Spore print milk white. The hyphae are aerial, about 2 microns wide, with a lock-like union.
The wild abalone mushroom is usually found on rotted eucalyptus, sycamore, guava and other rotten trees in the hot summer season. Our country is mainly distributed in China's Taiwan, Fujian, Zhejiang and other provinces.
Features abalone mushroom, black circle at the intersection of lap and handle
(b) Fertility conditions
1. The nutrition is different from Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus in Pleurotus ostreatus. The abalone's ability to decompose wood is weak, and a certain amount of carbon and nitrogen sources must be added in the substitute cultivation. The carbon source is a raw material for the synthesis of carbohydrates and amino acids by abalone mushrooms and is a major source of energy. The carbon source required for abalone mushroom is glucose and sucrose, which can be directly absorbed and utilized by the mycelium, and this is one of the raw materials of carbon source for making mother seed culture medium. In the substitute cultivation, cotton seed hull, waste cotton, rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse, sawdust, corn cob, etc. are used as main materials to supply the carbon source needed for the growth and development of abalone mushroom. It has been proved that adding 0.2% peptone or 2% corn flour or sorghum powder to the PDA culture medium can accelerate the growth rate of mycelium, and the mycelium is thick and thick; in the case of conventional wood chips or bagasse as the main material In the material, 5%-10% of soybean flour or corn flour is added, or a portion of sawdust is replaced with a cotton seed shell, and 5% of bran is added, and a significant increase in production of abalone mushroom can be obtained. However, the more nitrogen sources, the better. In addition, certain inorganic salts, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium carbonate, as well as mineral elements such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and iron, are required during the growth of abalone.
2. The growth temperature of the abalone mushroom mycelium is 10-35°C, and the optimum temperature is 25-28°C. Under proper temperature, the hyphae are white, dense and thick, often forming dendritic mycelium bundles, and have strong wall climbing ability. The surface of colonies often has white conidial stem bundles and ink-like conidia piles. The temperature range of the fruiting body is 20-32°C, the optimum temperature is 27-30°C, less than 25°C or higher than 30°C. The temperature will also affect the color of the fruit body of Abalone. Under natural conditions, the fruit body temperature is 25-28°C and grayish black, and it is grayish-brown at 28°C and yellowish-brown below 20°C.
3. Humidity The abalone mushrooms are hi moist mushrooms and their ability to resist drought is weak. The moisture content of the culture material is between 60% and 65%, and the mycelium grows rapidly. However, the abalone mushroom is cultivated in summer, the temperature is high, and the water in the culture material disperses quickly. Therefore, in the preparation of culture materials, the water content should be appropriately adjusted to 70%. It is preferable that such water content lose about 7% after steam sterilization, and the actual water content during cultivation is 63%.
The relative humidity of air during the germination period is 60%. The humidity is too high and the temperature is high. It is prone to miscellaneous bacteria and the yield of germs is low. After the physiological growth of the mycelium, if the humidity in the cultivation room is low, the raw material can not be extracted. The relative humidity of the cultivation room is maintained at about 90% for the growth and development of the mushroom.
4. Light does not require light during the germination phase. However, in the differentiation stage of fruiting bodies, some scattered light is required, and in the dark condition, the mushroom covers do not differentiate. The fruiting body has obvious phototropism. Under weak light, the growth and development of the fruit body is slow, and the stalks are long and heavy. Under the condition of strong light scattering, the fruit body grows rapidly, and the mushroom cover is thick and heavy, indicating that light has a significant effect on the yield of fresh mushroom.
5. Air mycelium vegetative growth stage, the air is not strict, higher concentrations of CO2 can stimulate the growth of abalone mushroom mycelium, but the concentration of accumulation should not be too high, otherwise the growth of mycelium will be inhibited, the room as long as the normal ventilation It can meet the oxygen needs of abalone mushrooms. The growth and development stages of the primordial and fruiting bodies require a certain amount of oxygen. With the growth of fruit bodies, the supply of oxygen should be continuously increased. If the ventilation is poor, the concentration of CO2 is high, and abalone fruiting bodies are prone to produce long stems and small mushroom covers. Undifferentiated malformed mushrooms.
6. The pH mycelium can grow in a pH 4.0-8.5 culture medium, and the pH is preferably 6.0-6.5.
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