The requirements of ecological agriculture for fertilization How to use organic fertilizer in ecological agriculture , using chicken manure, pig manure, sheep manure and other livestock manure as raw materials, the moisture control is about 40%, about 1.6 tons of raw materials + 5 kg Baiyibao EM liquid +2-3 kg of corn flour mixed and crushed. Stacked into strips with a width of 2 meters, a height of 0.5 meters and an unlimited length, covered with old sacks or straw curtains, generally within 24 hours, the stack temperature can be raised to about 50 °C. Within 48 hours, the stack temperature can rise above 60 °C, even up to 70 °C, such temperature, spring, summer, autumn, usually 5-7 days can make the raw materials in the heap all decomposed, the stench disappears, the pathogenic bacteria in the raw materials , eggs, grass seeds, etc. are all killed.
Fertilizers fermented by this method can be called ecological organic fertilizers, and can also be called pollution-free organic fertilizers. These fertilizers can be directly used in crops, or they can be dried and sieved, and bags are sold as commercial fertilizers.
Fertilizer site selection
The fertilizer-making site should be flat, close to the leeward sun of the water source, and can be made in the open air all year round.
Preparation of fertilizer materials
Take 1 ton of dry straw as an example.
1 crop straw 1000 kg.
2 cake powder 20 kg. Peanut cake, bean cake, cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake, etc., no cake powder can be replaced with 10 kg of urea.
3em probiotics 5 kg.
Production Method
1 Crop straw (such as corn stalk) is crushed with a pulverizer or cut with a mower. The general length is 1-3 cm (wheat straw, straw, leaves, weeds, peanut mites, bean stalks, etc. can be directly used for fermentation, However, the fermentation effect is better after pulverization).
2 The smashed or cut straw is wetted and infiltrated with water, and the moisture content of the straw is generally controlled at about 70%.
3 Mix 20 kg of cake powder with 1 kg of bacteria, and evenly spread the cake powder mixed with the bacteria on the surface of the straw with water. Use a tool such as a spade to mix it over and stack it into strips that are 2 meters wide, 1.5 meters high, and unlimited in length. Cover it with a plastic sheet.
Straw corruption process
1 heating stage: from normal temperature to 50 ° C, generally only one day.
2 high temperature stage: generally only 2 days from 50-70 °C.
3 cooling stage: from high temperature to below 50 °C, usually about 10 days, at this time the straw fertilizer production process is basically completed, the fertilizer can be directly applied.
Straw fat decomposing sign
(1) The straw turns brown or dark brown. It is soft and elastic when held by hand, and is brittle and easy to break when dry. (2) After decomposing, the pile collapses by 1/3 or 1/2 compared to the pile.
Method for applying straw fertilizer
(1) Straw fertilizer is generally used as a base fertilizer and can be applied moist. Do topdressing should cover the soil. Semi-composted fertilizer is applied to crops with long growing season, straw fertilizer with high maturity is applied to crops with shorter growth period, fruits and vegetables, sandy semi-fermented fertilizer, and clay is best applied with high maturity. fertilizer.
(2) The organic matter in the straw fertilizer is very rich, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients are relatively balanced, and also contains various trace elements. It is a common fertilizer suitable for various crops and various soils, and has a remarkable effect of improving product quality and increasing yield.
Classification of biological fertilizers:
In a narrow sense, bio-fertilizer is a product that uses a microbial life activity to obtain a specific fertilizer effect on crops. It is also called an inoculant or a bacterial fertilizer. It does not contain nutrients and cannot replace fertilizer. In a broad sense, bio-fertilizer is a product that contains both nutrients and micro-organisms required by crops. It is a combination of organisms, organic and inorganic compounds. It can replace fertilizers and provide various nutrients needed for crop growth and development.
Biological fertilizers can be divided into: biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as rhizobium); decomposition of soil organic bacteria (organophosphorus bacterial fertilizer, comprehensive bacterial fertilizer; decomposition of soil insoluble minerals (silicate bacteria fertilizer, inorganic Phosphate bacterial fertilizer); a fungicide that resists disease and stimulates crop growth (antibiotic fertilizer);
From its composition, it can be divided into: pure biological fertilizer, which itself is basically free of nutrient elements, but improves the nutritional conditions of crops by the products of microbial life activities, activates the potential fertility of the soil, stimulates the growth and development of crops, and resists crop pests and diseases. Thereby increasing crop yield and quality. Therefore, pure biological fertilizer can not be applied alone, and it must be combined with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer to fully exert its effectiveness.
Such as: soybean rhizobium, phosphorus activator, biological potassium fertilizer. Organic-inorganic-bio-composite fertilizer, which is a combination of organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer and biological microbial fertilizer, contains both nutrients and microbes needed by crops, and can replace fertilizers for crop growth and development.
Such as the current market for bio-organic compound fertilizer, green food special fertilizer, bio-organic compound fertilizer. In the manufacturing process, biological bacteria are added to shorten the production cycle of organic fertilizer and increase its quick-acting ingredients. The difference between bio-organic fertilizer and traditional organic fertilizer is that it is factoryized and specialized in production. Some people also refer to this kind of fertilizer as refined commercial organic fertilizer.
The characteristics of biological fertilizer:
Bio-organic compound fertilizer is a high-tech product that combines the essence of traditional organic fertilizers with modern biotechnology. Its nutrient elements combine quick-acting, long-acting and synergistic effects, and have the functions of improving the quality of agricultural products, inhibiting soil-borne diseases, enhancing crop stress resistance, and promoting crop precocity.
Its main features are:
- It is pollution-free and pollution-free. Bio-composite fertilizer is an effective combination of natural organic matter and biotechnology. It contains microbial agents that accelerate the decomposition of organic matter and provide a “power†for crop manufacturing or conversion of available nutrients. At the same time, the microbial agents have the functions of increasing the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and activating potential nutrients in the soil.
- It is a formula science and a complete range of nutrients. Bio-organic compound fertilizers are generally based on organic substances, with a small amount of chemical fertilizers, scientifically matched according to the fertilizer requirements of fertilizers and fertilizer characteristics, and perfectly combined with biological “activators†(such as Baiyibao EM bacteria). Containing a large amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, boron, zinc, selenium and molybdenum, it also contains a large amount of organic substances, humic acids and fertilizers, nutrient Complete, quick and easy, balanced fertilizer, long-lasting fertilizer.
- It is to activate the soil and increase the fertilizer efficiency. Bio-fertilizers have the effect of assisting in the release of potential nutrients in the soil. The conversion rate of nitrogen in the soil reaches 5-13.6%; the conversion rate of phosphorus and potassium in the soil can reach 7-15.7% and 8-16.6%.
- It is low cost and high output. In the third and fourth accumulation temperate zones with short growth period, bio-organic compound fertilizer can replace fertilizer to carry out one-time fertilization and reduce production cost. For example, soybeans are applied 30-40 kg of bio-composite special fertilizer per acre, and 50-75 kg of special fertilizer is applied per mu of corn, which is applied as a base fertilizer at one time, without the need for top dressing, which saves investment and saves labor. Compared with conventional application of chemical fertilizers, food crops can increase yield by 10-20% per mu in the case of equivalent input.
- It is to improve product quality and reduce harmful accumulation. Due to the dual functions of living bacteria and fertilizer-suppressing agents in biological compound fertilizer, it can promote the conversion of nitrate in crops and reduce the accumulation of nitrate in agricultural products. Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer, the nitrate content in the product can be reduced by 20-30%, the VC content can be increased by 30-40%, and the soluble sugar can be increased by 1-4 degrees. The product tastes good, keeps fresh time and is resistant to storage.
- It is effective in improving the fertility of cultivated land and improving the environment for fertilizing the soil. The spore-spreading polysaccharide spilled by the living bacteria in the biological fertilizer is a binder of the soil aggregate structure, which can loosen the soil, enhance the soil aggregate structure, improve the water retention and fertilizer retention capacity, and increase the soil organic matter.
- It is to inhibit soil-borne diseases. Bio-fertilizer can promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms (EM bacteria) in crop rhizomes and improve the rhizosphere ecological environment of crops. The increase of beneficial microorganisms (EM bacteria) and disease resistance factors can also significantly reduce the infection of soil-borne diseases and reduce the disease index of heavy crops. The continuous application can greatly alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles.
- It is to promote early maturity of crops.
Microbial fertilizer and fertilizer
In the process of crop cultivation and urban greening, due to the use of chemical fertilizers in successive years, not only the soil compaction, the reduction of fertilizer efficiency, but also the environment are polluted. Therefore, fertilizer has been listed as one of the three sources of pollution in agriculture. The development of microbial fertilizers can not only provide new sources of fertilizer for agricultural production, but also alleviate the problem of chemical fertilizer pollution.
Microbial fertilizer, commonly known as bacterial fertilizer, referred to as bacterial fertilizer. It is a microbial agent that separates beneficial microorganisms from the soil and is artificially selected and bred. Microbial fertilizer belongs to a kind of auxiliary fertilizer, and its kind includes rhizobium agent, nitrogen-fixing bacteria agent, phosphorus bacteria fertilizer, potassium bacteria fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, antibiotic fertilizer and root fungus inoculant. The mechanism of action, application methods and precautions for use are described below:
Mechanism of action:
1. Increase crop nutrition. One of the most important varieties of microbial fertilizer is Rhizobium fertilizer. After application, Rhizobium can infect legume roots and form nodules on its roots. Rhizobium bacteria living in nodules can nitrogen in the air. The molecule is converted into ammonia, which is converted into high-quality nitrogen that can be absorbed by glutamic acid plants to meet the demand for nitrogen in legumes.
Phosphorus bacterial fertilizers, on the one hand, decompose organic phosphides in the soil by phosphatase, and on the other hand, through the metabolism of microorganisms, produce inorganic and organic acids to dissolve inorganic phosphides. Potassium bacterial fertilizers, mainly through the production of acidic substances in the metabolism of potassium bacteria, promote the decomposition of potassium-containing minerals, thereby releasing potassium ions.
In the process of metabolism, silicate bacterial fertilizer releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acidic substances, promotes the release and sequestration of trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, and improves the supply of nutrients in the soil.
The vA mycorrhizal fungi can be symbiotic with a variety of plant roots, and the fungal silk can absorb a lot of nutrients for plant absorption and utilization, and the absorption of phosphorus is most obvious. Such mycorrhizal fungi also have an enhanced absorption effect on elements such as zinc, copper, calcium and the like which have poor mobility and slow movement in the soil.
2. Stimulate and regulate plant growth. Microbial fertilizers can produce metabolites beneficial to plants during the growth and reproduction process after application. For example, silicate bacterial fertilizer can promote the production of gibberellin, auxin and other active substances; nitrogen-fixing fertilizer can secrete vitamin B1 and vitamin B2. , vitamins, B12 and phthalic acid auxin, etc., these growth stimulants have a certain regulation and promotion of crop growth and development.
3. Reduce or reduce plant pests and diseases. Microbial fertilizers can induce plant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, lipoxygenase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, etc. Defense response is conducive to disease prevention and disease resistance. Some microbial species have the function of secreting antibiotics, inhibiting or killing pathogenic fungi and bacteria, making it difficult for pathogenic microorganisms to grow and reproduce, thereby reducing the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests.
4. Enhance drought resistance. Microbial fertilizers can increase the absorption of water by increasing the amount of water in the roots of crops, so that the drought resistance of crops can be improved.
5. Improve crop quality. After the use of microbial fertilizers, the amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced, and the quality of agricultural products is improved. Some microbial fertilizers can increase the vitamin C, sugar and amino acid content of the product.
Application method
1, seed dressing. The surface of the seed is sprayed with water first, then the seeds are placed in the bacterial fertilizer and stirred, so that the surface of the seed is evenly filled with the fertilizer to be sown.
2, breeding. When making bed-type or tray-type seedlings, the bacteria fertilizer can be mixed into the nursery soil for 3 days and then put into a seedbed or put into a seedling tray; when making nutrient-based seedlings, the bacteria fertilizer should be evenly mixed with the nutrient soil, and then Made into nutrition.
3, acupoints. Mix the bacterial fertilizer with the moist fine soil first, apply it to the transplanted or transplanted holes, and then transplant the seedlings or transplant the seedlings.
4, roots. Add the appropriate amount of fine fertilizer and water to the slurry, and dip the transplanted or cut seedlings in the mud for a few minutes, then transplant or transplant with the pulp.
5. Chasing. The bacterial fertilizer is formulated into an aqueous solution of the bacterial fertilizer, and is poured into a shallow ditch between the crop rows or around the fruit trees, and the soil is covered after the pouring.
6, spray. Some liquid bacterial fertilizers can be used as foliar fertilizers by mixing them thoroughly with water and spraying them on the front and back of the leaves.
Precautions for use
1. Use quality microbial fertilizers. Products with low quality, effective viable counts that do not meet the specified specifications, high levels of miscellaneous bacteria or have expired periods cannot be applied.
2. Minimize the death of microorganisms in the fertilizer during application. Direct sunlight should be avoided. When seed dressing, it should be operated in a cool place. After seed dressing, it should be planted in time and immediately covered with soil. General bacterial fertilizer should not be mixed with harmful pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
3. Create a suitable soil environment. Application on acidic soil should be carried out after neutralizing soil acidity. When the soil is too dry, it should be poured in time. After the heavy rain, it is necessary to eliminate the accumulated water in the field in time to improve the permeability of the soil.
4. Promote the application of different microbial fertilizers according to local conditions. For example, rhizobial fertilizer should be widely applied on legume crops, and phosphate-dissolving and potassium-dissolving microbial fertilizers should be applied to soils with higher nutrient potential.
5, avoid long-term use after opening the bag. After the bag is opened for a long time, other bacteria may invade the bag, causing the microbial flora in the fertilizer to change, affecting the use effect.
6. Avoid use under high temperature and drought conditions. Microorganisms in microorganisms under high temperature and drought conditions will be affected by survival and reproduction, and will not play a good role. Therefore, it should be chosen in the evening application on cloudy or sunny days, combined with cover soil, cover manure, watering and other measures to prevent microbial fertilizer from being exposed to direct sunlight or due to insufficient water.
7. Avoid mixing with unfertilized farmyard manure. Mixed with unfertilized organic fertilizer, it will kill microorganisms due to high temperature and affect the effect of microbial fertilizer (China Smart Agriculture Network)
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