In recent years, China's agriculture has achieved very gratifying results. The grain has increased production year after year, the income of farmers has been increasing, the quality of agricultural products has been steadily improved, and the agricultural ecological environment has been continuously improved. However, China's agriculture is also facing a lot of pressure. In terms of the quality of agricultural products, social demand is growing, leading to increasing agricultural pressure. In terms of the ecological environment, the pressure on the agro-ecological environment is also increasing.
The Ministry of Agriculture has made a lot of efforts to this end, such as the “one control, two reductions, three basics†proposed in 2014: “one control†is to control the amount of water resources, and “two reductions†is to reduce the amount of fertilizers and pesticides. "Including straw resources can be fully utilized, agricultural wastes such as fertilizer packaging and pesticide packaging can be basically recycled, and agricultural aquaculture waste can be basically applied.
Agriculture is a complex ecosystem that includes not only planting, but also aquaculture and fisheries. In theory, agriculture should be better protected from an ecological perspective. In recent years, the industry has placed special emphasis on the scale of aquaculture, emphasizing farming subsidies, but the subsidies for farming often start from the level of farming, ignoring the relationship between cultivation and aquaculture, resulting in the development of crop production in many places, but the aquaculture industry is underdeveloped. Therefore, there is a paradigm of “growing food in the northeast and raising sheep in the southâ€. However, due to the lack of farmland in the south, it is difficult to recycle the aquaculture waste, which brings pressure on the ecological environment.
Fertilizer absorption and conversion are essential
At present, there is a very serious problem. Although the amount of fertilizer is sufficient, the lack of good use can not produce good results. In the concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer, there is data showing that if the phosphate fertilizer is applied or applied tillage as it is now, despite the vigorous promotion of chemical fertilizer application, in this case, the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the soil, because the crop roots are in the soil. Limited, 60% of the fertilizers are not exposed to crop roots, and only 1/3 of the phosphorus is available.
For example, in the vegetable growing areas of greenhouses in the north, farmers hope to produce high yields and hope to reduce the number of fertilizations as much as possible to reduce the amount of labor. However, if the fertilization is too concentrated, there will be a problem of excessive concentration after watering.
Farmers usually pour water once in two weeks and apply fertilizer once in two weeks, often with excessive fertilizer levels that cause root burning. On the 2nd and 3rd days after fertilization, the roots are yellow after being pulled out. After two weeks, the roots recovered and began to fertilize. In this way, the roots of the crops were often injured, which greatly affected nutrient absorption and reduced fertilizer utilization.
Fertilizer is applied to the soil, through the dissolution of water, the absorption and transformation of crops, and even some transformation in the soil. Many of our research results have only stayed in the laboratory and in the experimental fields, and have not been well transformed into agricultural production applications, and have not been transformed into fertilizer products.
In the past, attention was paid to the study of the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In the next step, attention should be paid to the study of fertilizer or plant nutrition. More attention should be paid to different nutrient forms, and the ways in which different fertilizer varieties are transported and transformed in water, soil and plants. That is, the WSFP system (W is water, S is soil, F is fertilizer, and P is a plant).
The study of this system is no longer simply about studying nutrients for nutrients. For example, phosphorus, the phosphorus in the past is mostly phosphate fertilizer, and the quality of phosphate fertilizer is judged according to the content of water-soluble phosphorus in the phosphate fertilizer. Water-soluble phosphorus and strontium-soluble phosphorus are different in different soil types, and the mode of action is different.
Some people think that the residual phosphate fertilizer in the soil can be used later. However, after more than 30 years of reform and opening up, there should have been a lot of residue, but now the amount of phosphate fertilizer can not be reduced, and the use of less fertilizer will be reduced. Therefore, the behavior of phosphate fertilizer in the soil should be highly valued, and the behavior and mode of different forms of nutrients in the WSFP system should be carefully studied.
Inspiration of different application forms of nitrogen fertilizer
In the first two years, we have applied research on different forms of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen is a very complex system with different forms such as ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, amide nitrogen, and organic state. Many people think that nitrogen can be fertilized when measuring soil formula, but it is far from simple. Up to now, it has not been possible to recommend the application of nitrogen fertilizer by measuring nitrogen. Instead, use the balance of nitrogen in the entire basin to infer the demand for nitrogen and the supply of different forms of nitrogen.
The development direction of nitrogen fertilizer is to reduce leaching, control fertilizer effect, and some need to be slow, but sometimes it needs to be accelerated. For example, organic fertilizer is applied to leafy vegetables. When harvested, nitrogen fertilizer has not been completely released, which will inevitably lead to high nitrate content. To promote organic fertilizers, it is necessary to distinguish which crops can be applied under what climatic conditions and soil conditions.
For example, some people say that northeast corn is slow to release controlled-release fertilizer, but the northeast climatic conditions are special, the previous drought, medium-term normal, and from July to August, there will be a lot of rainfall. If the application is slow and controlled, most of them are drenched. When the grout is needed at the end of August, the nutrients will not keep up. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to do a good job of fertilizer according to the characteristics of crops, soil and climate.
At the same time, it is necessary to cooperate with some additives to achieve the balance of nutrients. Different forms of nitrogen have a great impact on crop quality. For example, in North China, when planting potatoes, they often use nitrate nitrogen to top dress up. But after cooking, the potatoes will not be as powdery as they used to be, and they will not bite. In the long run, the factory will be potato. The flour extraction rate is low and no longer acquired.
China's fertilizers have entered an era under the guidance of new theories that are equivalent to the development of equal nutrients, forms, and additives. Originally, nutrients are equivalent to nutrients, and the same nutrients, different forms, and different additives have little effect. Phosphorus now also has multiple fertilizer varieties, from the past superphosphate to monoammonium, diammonium, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and compound fertilizers, and now ready to mix the compound fertilizer.
Phosphorus itself has black phosphorus, white phosphorus and red phosphorus. From the fertilizer, there are water-soluble phosphorus, bismuth-soluble phosphorus, insoluble phosphorus, orthophosphate, metaphosphate, and phosphite. We have done the grading of soil phosphorus, including exchangeable, aluminum-bound, as well as organic phosphorus and debris, which are used in different ways. More important is to convert.
If the water control is different, the same nutrient and conversion form will be different. So it is not only related to fertilizers and soil, but also to the way water is applied. For example, apples in Shandong Province have a large number of diseases, and more than 90% are caused by unreasonable water nutrients.
From this perspective, it is related to soil water and fertilizer management. But take a closer look, the local water and fertilizer conditions are better, the output is relatively high, and there are many diseases. However, in the case of better humidity control in the orchard, there is no plant disease. This is to coordinate the soil water and air humidity.
Ammonium polyphosphate is the future development direction of phosphate fertilizer
The utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is not high, and it has a great relationship with the phosphate fertilizer product itself. The development of ammonium polyphosphate can drive a big step forward and change in the national phosphate fertilizer industry. China's phosphate fertilizer utilization rate is likely to nearly double, from the current 18% to 33% -34%.
In theory, about half of the phosphate rock can be reduced. From a scientist's point of view, more energy should be devoted to studying the behavior of phosphorus, including the relationship between phosphorus and roots, how the mycorrhiza and roots are affected by phosphorus.
There are four main directions for the development of phosphorus in the next step. One is to reduce the fixation in the soil. Including isolation, reducing contact with the soil and scientifically concentrated fertilization methods; second, improving fertilizer efficiency, mainly water-soluble phosphate fertilizer to prevent fixation and antagonism; third, convenient application and increased mobility. Nitrogen fertilizer is easier to follow the water to the roots. Potassium fertilizer is as difficult as ammonium ion. Now it is easy for phosphorus to follow the water to enter the root system. It is a practice to increase the amount of irrigation. Ammonium polyphosphate may give us a new idea or The fourth way is to cooperate with additives. Good additives can protect the effectiveness of fertilizers, promote crop growth and increase nutrient absorption. (National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Gao Xiangzhao)
This article URL: What is the efficacy and effect of ammonium polyphosphate?
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