What is fertilizer? What factors can cause fertilizer damage? Fertilizer refers to the visible damage caused by fruit trees due to excessive fertilization or excessive concentration of fertilization. However, it does not include physiological disorders caused by improper fertilization. Then how can the crops be fattened? Let’s take a look at the main cause of crop damage caused by the Xiaoge Fertilizer Network Xiaobian: the crop is the protruding part of the root hair epidermal cells that absorbs water through osmosis, the crop root hair cell solution and An infiltration system is formed between the soil solutions around the roots. When a fertilizer occurs, this balanced infiltration system changes, causing abnormalities in the crop.
Under normal conditions, the concentration of root hair cells is greater than the concentration of soil solution, and water permeates from the soil through the root cell protoplasts to the cell fluid, so that the crops form normal physiological absorption and metabolism. On the contrary, the concentration of the soil solution is higher than the concentration of the cell liquid, and the water in the cells diffuses outside the cell to form a reverse osmosis effect, which causes the cell protoplast to lose water and separate from the cell wall, causing the cells to dry up and stopping life activities, resulting in wilting and death of the plant.
If the concentration of fertilization is too large, especially in dry weather, the concentration of soil fertilization is too large, which tends to cause the concentration of soil solution to be greater than the concentration of root cell fluid, so that the cell loses water and the cytoplasm and wall are separated, so that the stems and leaves are wilted, especially at the seedling stage of the crop. The concentration of the cell fluid is lower, and when the concentration of the fertilizer is too large, the fertilizer is more likely to be produced. Therefore, when fertilizing, attention should be paid to seeing the sky, seeing the seedlings, and seeing the rational application of the fertilizer, and sticking to the principle that it should be light and not thick, to prevent the crops from being damaged.
What is the performance of fat?
Dehydration type
Due to excessive application of chemical fertilizer at one time, or excessive application concentration, or insufficient soil moisture, after fertilization, the concentration of fertilizer in the soil is large, causing reverse osmosis of water in crop cells, causing dehydration of crops, often causing crops to appear wilting, like frost or boiling water. Like hot, lighter affects the normal growth and development of crops, and causes serious death.
Burn type
Some fertilizers, such as ammonium bicarbonate, are applied at relatively high temperatures, which are prone to produce a large amount of ammonia gas, burn crop leaves, and the lower leaves of the light crops are yellow, and the whole plant is red and yellow. As mentioned above, in the dry nursery bed, when applying urea or other quick-acting fertilizers, the agricultural film is covered, and the dew on the membrane is dripped on the leaves of the rice seedlings due to the large concentration of fertilizer, and a burn-like leaf is formed by dropping a little. spot.
Toxic fertilizer
Some fertilizers, such as lime nitrogen, are converted in the soil if applied directly, producing a toxic substance that poisons the roots of the crop during decomposition. Another example is the application of excessive ammonium sulfate in rice fields, the rice roots will become black due to hydrogen sulfide poisoning, causing crop damage and even death.
Nutrient concentration is too high. Chemical fertilizers or organic fertilizers tend to be too much in one-time application, exceeding the amount required for vegetables. In the case of insufficient soil moisture, it is easy to cause excessive soil salt concentration.
Wall separation experiment
Cause: Due to the high salinity in the soil, the function of most vegetables to absorb nutrients and water is blocked. Seriously, even the water in the cells flows into the soil, causing reverse osmosis, which leads to dehydration of the root cells of the vegetables.
Symptoms: Dehydration of vegetables, burning seedlings, root burning, dead seedlings, leaf deformities, etc. Plant hair is like frost or boiled water. Lightly affects growth. In severe cases, the crops gradually die and die.
There are 3 cases when fertilization is prone to excessive concentration of fertilizer. Improper fertilization
We need to clarify a concept. The strongest root absorption is the white root and root hair areas outside the root system. If the quick-acting fertilizer is applied directly to the main root, it will burn root due to the high concentration of the soil solution. Excessive fertilizer application
The amount and concentration of fertilization must be well grasped. The above picture shows that the cucumber is fertilized due to excessive application of the base fertilizer, and the area is wilted. At the time of foliar application, attention should also be paid to the high concentration of foliar fertilizer, which leads to the loss of water in the leaves of the leaves and the appearance of focal leaves.
Application of unfermented organic fertilizer
The application of organic fertilizer can meet the nutrients required by the plant, but it must be applied to the decomposed, if it is too troublesome to use commercial organic fertilizer. It is a decomposed organic manure that continues to decompose in the soil, which will acidify the soil and release heat. At the same time, it can carry a large number of germs and parasite eggs, which can easily lead to fat damage and disease.
Gas poisoning type fertilizer mainly refers to ammonia gas, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide gas poisoning. Most of it comes from the decomposition and volatilization of fertilizers. Ammonia poisoning
Cucumber ammonia poisoning
Nitrogen and organic fertilizers will evaporate ammonia, especially in low-temperature, alkaline soil environments.
When the ammonia concentration reaches a certain amount, acute damage will occur in the upper part of the vegetable, the mesophyll tissue will collapse, the chlorophyll will disintegrate, and spots or blocky dark brown spots will appear between the veins, causing the whole plant to die in severe cases. Nitrous acid gas poisoning
Tomato nitrite gas poisoning
Nitrous acid gas, ie, nitrogen dioxide, when the local temperature is low and the soil permeability is poor, after the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrification process of nitrogen fertilizer will be hindered, and the nitrite nitrogen will accumulate in the soil. In the case of acidic soil, the nitrous acid gas will be Will overflow a lot.
The nitrite damage is divided into acute and chronic, mainly affecting the leaves. Acute type: Many white necrotic spots are formed on the leaves, and severe spots are contiguous or dead. Chronic type: only the tip of the leaf or the leaf edge is yellowed first, then the middle is extended, and the diseased part is dry after whitish. Sulfur dioxide gas poisoning
Cucumber sulfur dioxide gas poisoning
After applying a large amount of raw cake fertilizer and organic manure in the shed, due to the high temperature, a large amount of hydrogen sulfide is generated during the decomposition process, and hydrogen sulfide is further oxidized in the air to form sulfur dioxide.
The sulfur dioxide gas enters the blade from the pores, dissolves and infiltrates into the water of the cell wall, causes the mesophyll tissue to lose swell pressure and wilting, produces water stain spots, and finally turns white, and there are well-defined point or block necrotic spots on the leaves. In severe cases, the spots can be connected into pieces, causing all leaves to be yellow.
Salt accumulation type
Pepper shed soil from "white frost"
Due to the large amount of fertilization, some of the soluble salts in the soil will accumulate on the surface as shown above. The high content of salt on the surface causes serious damage to root growth, and some plots cannot even be cultivated.
The hazard symptoms are mainly dwarfing the plants, the leaves are dark green and have a hardening sensation, the heart leaves are curled, the young leaves and the flower buds have dry tips, the roots turn brown and even die, the fruit grows slowly, and the plants with severe damage may even appear wilting. withered. Toxic and harmful substances
Peanut biuret poisoning
Improper control of biuret, free acid, trichloroacetaldehyde (acid) and heavy metal elements in fertilizers can also cause vegetable fat damage.
Usually these harmful substances accumulate in plants, damage roots and destroy plant health, so they are not explained one by one.
Other fat damage phenomena:
Urea is used as seed fertilizer or seed dressing. Because urea is a high-concentration fertilizer, it also contains a certain amount of biuret. When it comes into contact with seeds, it will affect its germination and even cause it to lose its germination power. Another example is the dressing of superphosphate. If the dosage is too much, it will also affect the germination of the seeds. According to the test, the soybean seeds were soaked with 1% boron fertilizer for 4 hours, and they were not germinated at all. Excessive amounts of chlorinated fertilizer can damage chlorine-sensitive crops.
Dehydration type of fertilizer: mainly because of excessive application of chemical fertilizer at one time, or insufficient soil moisture, the concentration of fertilizer solution in the soil after fertilization is too large, causing reverse osmosis of water in crop cells, causing dehydration of crops. Fertilized plants show wilting, like frost or boiling water. Lightness affects growth and development, and heavy plants die.
Smoked-type fertilizer: mainly applied ammonia, bicarbonate and other fertilizers. Such fertilizers are applied at high temperatures, which are prone to produce a large amount of ammonia, causing damage to crops, and lighter yellowing of lower leaves, affecting growth. Development, the heavy ones make the whole plant red and yellow.
Burning type of fertilizer: excessive application of seed fertilizer, or use superphosphate, or alkaline volatile ammonium bicarbonate and urea, lime nitrogen and other chemical fertilizers, often burning, resulting in lack of seedlings. In addition, when foliar fertilization is applied, the concentration used is too large, which may cause leaf burns.
Toxic fertilizers: Some fertilizers such as lime nitrogen are a kind of toxic fertilizer. After being applied to the soil, they have to undergo a series of transformations to be absorbed by plants. However, some toxic substances will be produced during the conversion process to poison the crops, causing them to be killed or killed. .
Other fat damage phenomenon: Urea is used as seed fertilizer or seed dressing. Because urea is a high-concentration fertilizer, it also contains a certain amount of biuret. When it comes into contact with seeds, it will affect its germination and even its germination power. Another example is the dressing of superphosphate. If the dosage is too much, it will also affect the germination of the seeds. After the test, the soybean seeds were soaked with 1% boron fertilizer for 4 hours and then sown, and did not germinate at all. Excessive amounts of chlorinated fertilizer can damage chlorine-sensitive crops.
Five misunderstandings of fertilizer application
One of the misunderstandings: calcium, magnesium, and phosphate fertilizers for topdressing. Calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers are not easy to dissolve in water, and the fertilizer efficiency is slow, so it is not suitable for top dressing. Especially in the mid-term of crop growth, the topdressing is low, and the utilization rate is low.
The correct application method is: calcium, magnesium, and phosphate fertilizer can only be used as a base fertilizer and organic fertilizer, or as a seed fertilizer.
Misunderstanding 2: Urea, ammonium bicarbonate and other nitrogen fertilizers are applied shallowly, applied or applied at too high a concentration. Urea is an amide nitrogen fertilizer with high nitrogen content. After being applied to the soil, it is directly absorbed and utilized by plants. Most of it must be decomposed by microorganisms to be converted into ammonium nitrogen to be absorbed and utilized by crops. The nature of ammonium bicarbonate is unstable. If the surface is shallow and the utilization rate is low, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied in a shallow amount, the concentration is too high, and the ammonia gas volatilized will smother the stems and leaves of the crop and cause fat damage.
The correct application method is: nitrogen fertilizer for topdressing should be applied by ditching or hole application, the depth is 5~10cm, and the soil is covered after application. For foliar fertilizer application, the concentration should be well controlled. Wheat, rice, cotton, corn, etc. should be 0.8% to 1%: the spraying concentration of vegetables should be low.
Misunderstanding 3: Direct dressing of superphosphate. Superphosphate contains 3.5% to 5% of free acid, which is highly corrosive. Direct seed dressing will reduce the germination rate and emergence rate of seeds.
The correct application method is as follows: the top dressing should be carried out. When planting fertilizer, it should be applied to the bottom or side of the seed 5 to 6 cm, and the soil should be separated from the seed by soil.
Misunderstanding 4: Mixed application of zinc fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. Due to the serious "sputum effect" between zinc and phosphorus, if zinc sulphate is mixed with superphosphate, the effect of zinc sulphate will be reduced.
The correct application method is: zinc fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be applied separately, respectively, as base fertilizer and seed fertilizer application, which can improve the fertilizer efficiency of phosphorus and zinc fertilizer.
Misunderstanding 5: Cool water dissolves borax for foliar application. When the borax is dissolved in cold water, the borax will soon appear to "recrystallize" and lose its fertilizer effect.
Correct application method: first put the borax into the thermos bottle, add water to dissolve, cover the bottle stopper to the field, and then add cold water to the required concentration, which can greatly improve the effect.
Fertilizer prevention measures
Appropriate amount of topdressing: ammonium bicarbonate should not exceed 25 kg per acre, and pay attention to deep application, cover soil or cultivating after application; urea per mu application
Controlled below 10 kg.
Fertilizer isolation: When planting dry crops, it is advisable to first apply the fertilizer and mix it into the soil layer to avoid direct contact with the seeds.
Reasonable water supply: When the dry land soil is too dry, it is advisable to apply water after appropriate irrigation or fertilize the fertilizer with water;
When the volatile chemical fertilizer is used, it is advisable to maintain a proper shallow water layer in the field, and then carry out the cultivating field.
Evenly apply fertilizer: When applying fertilizer, pay attention to uniformity. If necessary, mix with appropriate amount of soil or fine sand.
Timely fertilization: Generally, it should be mastered after sunrise, or fertilized in the afternoon, and should not be carried out in the air in the hot sun. In addition, it is necessary to adhere to the application of organic fertilizer by tanning. During the process of applying fertilizer, care should be taken to place the unfertilized fertilizer in the downwind to prevent the volatilized gas from being blown to the crop by the wind to avoid injury.
First, the cause of fat damage
1. Blind application of nitrogen fertilizer.
In production, people always think that the demand for nitrogen fertilizer in crops is large. Therefore, once the crops are poorly grown, they will not ask for defects, and all nitrogen will be applied. The more nitrogen fertilizer is applied, the more nitrogen fertilizer will cause fertilizer damage. In particular, the application of volatile nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia water, can easily cause crop damage; excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can also cause plant nitric acid accumulation and yellowing of leaves. Excessive application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer can easily cause chlorosis and deficiency of molybdenum in crops.
2. The amount of chasing is too large.
If the amount of chemical fertilizer applied is too large, the soil fertilizer concentration will be too high, so that the roots of the crop will absorb nutrients and water, and the fertilizer will occur.
3. Apply unfertilized organic fertilizer.
Undecomposed organic fertilizer will produce a large amount of organic acids and heat during the decomposition process, which may easily cause root burning.
4. The topdressing is too close to the root of the crop.
Because the chemical decomposition fertilizer is fast and high, the fertilizer is too close to the root system to cause fertilizer damage.
Second, preventive measures
1. Do not apply unfertilized organic fertilizer.
The organic fertilizer must be fermented and then applied, especially after the poultry manure is fermented and mixed with the fertilizer.
2. Rational use of chemical fertilizers.
The use must be measured first and applied at a concentration, especially if the nitrogen fertilizer is not too much at a time. The concentration of foliar spray should not be too high. Urea should be used as foliar fertilizer. The concentration should not exceed 0.3%.
3. Add organic fertilizer.
The organic fertilizer applied to the soil has a strong adsorption energy for the cation, so that the concentration is not too high, and the buffering ability of the soil nutrient is improved, and the occurrence of the fertilizer damage can be greatly reduced.
4. Fertilization should be about 10cm from the root of the crop, and it should be applied deep.
Immediately after top dressing, cover the soil to prevent seedling stage burning and loss of fertilizer efficiency. Soil drought and topdressing need timely irrigation, reduce concentration, and avoid burning phenomenon.
Web site: What is fatness? What factors can cause crop damage? [Map]
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