In aquaculture production, the efficiency of aquaculture and the feed coefficient are one of the key factors. In the current cultivation of sea and freshwater products, the cost of feed accounts for more than 60% of the aquaculture cost. Therefore, the correct use and effect of feed will play a decisive role in the aquaculture process. Only when the utilization of feedstuffs is fully utilized, the cost of using feedstuffs is reduced, and higher yields can be achieved with a lower bait factor, good economic benefits can be achieved.
The bait coefficient is also called the feed coefficient. This refers to the ratio of the amount of feed that is fed to the total net increase in production. The smaller the ratio, the smaller the amount of feed used to increase production per unit of aquatic product. Therefore, the smaller the ratio, that is, the lower the bait coefficient, is to reduce the feed cost and increase the economic benefits of farming. The key technologies for reducing the bait factor are as follows:
First, to improve the breeding methods, the use of new types of breeding technology With the advancement of science and technology, high-yield new breeding techniques continue to emerge. For example, in the current freshwater aquaculture, the popular 80:20 high-quality eating fish-based breeding technology, compared with the traditional multi-species polyculture technology, due to the large proportion of high-quality fish, and the scientific feeding method using feeding bait feeding. Therefore, the yield is high, the profit is abundant, and the bait coefficient is generally low. In the aquaculture model with silver cockroaches as the main body, the bait coefficient can generally be controlled at around 1.4-1.5. At the same time, this kind of technology has reduced the pollution of water quality itself in the breeding process, optimized the aquaculture water environment, further promoted the feed conversion rate, and further reduced the feed coefficient. In addition, in marine fish farming, cage culture techniques, the use of shrimp seedlings in submerged ponds for shrimp culture, and prawns plankton feeding techniques for shrimps are effective advances in lowering feed coefficients and increasing aquaculture benefits. Breeding technology.
2. The selection of good breeds with high growth rate and high feed conversion rate is an important factor in determining the growth rate and affecting the level of the feed coefficient. Whether it is fish, shrimp, crabs, cockroaches or even shellfish, good varieties suitable for local or environmental conditions should be selected for stocking. According to a comparative experiment, the ratio of bait is reduced by more than 30% when the same yield is obtained under the condition of eating the same amount of feed, compared with the common silver carp or the silver carp of an impure species. The use of far-parent mating and virus-free infections in shrimps of Penaeus vannamei had a significant increase in survival rate and growth rate, and correspondingly reduced the feed coefficient. The Chinese mitten crab, which is stocked in the Yangtze River system, has an excellent effect on the weight gain rate, the overall yield, and the individual specifications compared to stocking other water systems, and has a much lower feed coefficient.
III. Establishment of good water environment conditions Environmental conditions of benign ecological aquaculture waters mainly include water quality, sediment quality, and natural biological conditions in water, as well as external pollution and self-pollution during aquaculture. At present, there are widespread water quality problems in aquaculture waters, which are mainly caused by pesticide pollution, industrial three-waste pollution, poisonous gas pollution caused by the corruption of bait during the breeding process, excessive application of pesticides to prevent and control diseases, and poisons produced by decomposition of excrement from farmed animals. Pollution and so on. As a result, a variety of toxic and harmful substances in the aquaculture waters have been exceeded, and the breeding objects have lived in poor and even life-threatening and harsh environments for a long time. Under such environmental conditions, even if there are good-quality feeds with comprehensive nutrition and good palatability, absolutely no good feed remuneration will be obtained, and the bait coefficient will certainly remain high, which will reduce the aquaculture benefits.
Therefore, in aquiculture, the first is to establish good water environmental conditions, carry out green ecological breeding, and rationally use drugs for disease prevention and control so that aquaculture water bodies are free of pollution, no drug residue, no harmful substances, and various chemical biological indicators are consistent with fishery water use. standard. Only breeding in this kind of good water environment conditions can effectively reduce the bait coefficient, improve the quality and quantity of the product, and achieve the goal of producing green aquatic food, and improve the economic benefits of breeding.
IV. Dissolved oxygen in water This is an important factor influencing the food intake of the cultured animals, the digestion and absorption rate of feed after food intake, and the growth rate and feed coefficient. The low dissolved oxygen in the water, the decreased appetite of the cultured objects, and even the refusal to eat, even if ingested feed, can also result in low digestion and absorption rate, slow growth rate, low feed utilization, and increased bait coefficient. The fish's feed coefficient at 3.0 mg/l dissolved oxygen doubled when compared to 4.0 mg/l. When fish dissolved oxygen in the water reached 4.5 mg/L or more, the appetite of the fish increased significantly. When the fish reached above 5 mg/L, the feed coefficient reached the lowest value. This is the root cause of the use of running water or aerators in high-yield or high-density farming. Therefore, when feeding the feed, be sure to pay attention to the dissolved oxygen and weather changes in the water. When the water has low dissolved oxygen, low air pressure, and hot weather floating head, do not feed bait until the situation improves. Generally two hours after sunrise, when the dissolved oxygen in the water reaches 4 mg/L or more, it is fed again. Therefore, in the breeding process, it is necessary to frequently take measures such as injecting new water, regulating water quality, removing excessive silt, using oxygen aerators, and monitoring the physical and chemical indicators of water quality, so as to achieve sufficient dissolved oxygen, reduce harmful gas content, facilitate digestion and absorption, and reduce bait The purpose of the coefficient.
Fifth, using scientific and reasonable stocking techniques to correctly select high-quality feeds, and establishing a reasonable stocking density in the stocking process are the key factors in determining the bait coefficient. Therefore, we must first determine the appropriate stocking densities based on the local climatic conditions, water quality conditions, and biological conditions, ie, the optimal stocking amount. The density is too high, the water body is prone to lack of oxygen, and the harmful oxygen sulfide and ammonia nitrogen accumulation increase. The cultured objects living under such conditions grow in a poor water environment and the bait coefficient must rise. On the contrary, if the density is too thin, it cannot Give full play to the potential of the water body, the benefit of the output value decreased, and the bait coefficient also rose.
In addition, the stocking specifications and quality of the cultured animals are the second factor in determining the bait factor in the stocking technology. The general requirements for the specifications and quality of stocking species are: orderliness, consistency, disease-free, injury-free, pure germplasm, healthy and lively. If the stocking quality is good and the body is robust, the appetite will be strong, the digestion and absorption rate will be strong, the energy conversion rate to the feed will be high, the weight gain will be fast, and the performance will be reduced on the bait coefficient.
At present, feeds commonly used in aquaculture production include natural and artificial feeds, ie, raw feeds such as cakes, bran, herbicides, etc., and artificial feeds after processing. . The former category currently has a considerable amount of use in the vast freshwater aquaculture areas, especially in the aquaculture production of conventional fish. The latter category is rapidly expanding the scope of use and usage in aquaculture because of its good growth effect, low water content protection, low feed rate, and significant economic benefits.
6. There are 2 to 3 grades of soybean meal marketed on the bait varieties that meet the requirements of aquaculture standards. The crude protein content is about 47%, 44%, and 42% respectively. The production date is more than one year in quality. , There are also recent production, there is just leaching suppression, there is mildew, the quality of this difference, in use will inevitably affect the fluctuations and changes in the bait coefficient. Therefore, we should strictly control the quality of our purchase or use, and pay attention to moisture and mold during storage.
VII. The important role of natural foods on the growth of cultured objects The application of basal fertilizers and timely topdressing, and the cultivation of corresponding natural palatability foods at different times is still an important supplementary means for modern breeding to reduce the feed coefficient. This is particularly important in the cultivation of shrimp and crab special aquaculture products and the cultivation of fingerlings. In the shrimp and crab culture, the most newly-planted seedlings are mostly tender and small. At this time, rotifers, cladoceros, copepods and small benthos in natural plankton are excellent foods. . They are not only comprehensive and easy to feed, they are extremely beneficial to the growth of shrimp and crab seedlings. Therefore, cultivating these natural food organisms is a very important and urgently needed measure. Production practice has shown that, generally, during the growth period of shrimps and crabs, if sufficient natural food is available, artificial feed can be saved by more than 1/3. Shrimp aquaculture surface with good natural food, the artificial feed used for shrimp artificial diet feed coefficient can be reduced to 1.0 or less, has become an important means of achieving good economic returns.
The bait coefficient is also called the feed coefficient. This refers to the ratio of the amount of feed that is fed to the total net increase in production. The smaller the ratio, the smaller the amount of feed used to increase production per unit of aquatic product. Therefore, the smaller the ratio, that is, the lower the bait coefficient, is to reduce the feed cost and increase the economic benefits of farming. The key technologies for reducing the bait factor are as follows:
First, to improve the breeding methods, the use of new types of breeding technology With the advancement of science and technology, high-yield new breeding techniques continue to emerge. For example, in the current freshwater aquaculture, the popular 80:20 high-quality eating fish-based breeding technology, compared with the traditional multi-species polyculture technology, due to the large proportion of high-quality fish, and the scientific feeding method using feeding bait feeding. Therefore, the yield is high, the profit is abundant, and the bait coefficient is generally low. In the aquaculture model with silver cockroaches as the main body, the bait coefficient can generally be controlled at around 1.4-1.5. At the same time, this kind of technology has reduced the pollution of water quality itself in the breeding process, optimized the aquaculture water environment, further promoted the feed conversion rate, and further reduced the feed coefficient. In addition, in marine fish farming, cage culture techniques, the use of shrimp seedlings in submerged ponds for shrimp culture, and prawns plankton feeding techniques for shrimps are effective advances in lowering feed coefficients and increasing aquaculture benefits. Breeding technology.
2. The selection of good breeds with high growth rate and high feed conversion rate is an important factor in determining the growth rate and affecting the level of the feed coefficient. Whether it is fish, shrimp, crabs, cockroaches or even shellfish, good varieties suitable for local or environmental conditions should be selected for stocking. According to a comparative experiment, the ratio of bait is reduced by more than 30% when the same yield is obtained under the condition of eating the same amount of feed, compared with the common silver carp or the silver carp of an impure species. The use of far-parent mating and virus-free infections in shrimps of Penaeus vannamei had a significant increase in survival rate and growth rate, and correspondingly reduced the feed coefficient. The Chinese mitten crab, which is stocked in the Yangtze River system, has an excellent effect on the weight gain rate, the overall yield, and the individual specifications compared to stocking other water systems, and has a much lower feed coefficient.
III. Establishment of good water environment conditions Environmental conditions of benign ecological aquaculture waters mainly include water quality, sediment quality, and natural biological conditions in water, as well as external pollution and self-pollution during aquaculture. At present, there are widespread water quality problems in aquaculture waters, which are mainly caused by pesticide pollution, industrial three-waste pollution, poisonous gas pollution caused by the corruption of bait during the breeding process, excessive application of pesticides to prevent and control diseases, and poisons produced by decomposition of excrement from farmed animals. Pollution and so on. As a result, a variety of toxic and harmful substances in the aquaculture waters have been exceeded, and the breeding objects have lived in poor and even life-threatening and harsh environments for a long time. Under such environmental conditions, even if there are good-quality feeds with comprehensive nutrition and good palatability, absolutely no good feed remuneration will be obtained, and the bait coefficient will certainly remain high, which will reduce the aquaculture benefits.
Therefore, in aquiculture, the first is to establish good water environmental conditions, carry out green ecological breeding, and rationally use drugs for disease prevention and control so that aquaculture water bodies are free of pollution, no drug residue, no harmful substances, and various chemical biological indicators are consistent with fishery water use. standard. Only breeding in this kind of good water environment conditions can effectively reduce the bait coefficient, improve the quality and quantity of the product, and achieve the goal of producing green aquatic food, and improve the economic benefits of breeding.
IV. Dissolved oxygen in water This is an important factor influencing the food intake of the cultured animals, the digestion and absorption rate of feed after food intake, and the growth rate and feed coefficient. The low dissolved oxygen in the water, the decreased appetite of the cultured objects, and even the refusal to eat, even if ingested feed, can also result in low digestion and absorption rate, slow growth rate, low feed utilization, and increased bait coefficient. The fish's feed coefficient at 3.0 mg/l dissolved oxygen doubled when compared to 4.0 mg/l. When fish dissolved oxygen in the water reached 4.5 mg/L or more, the appetite of the fish increased significantly. When the fish reached above 5 mg/L, the feed coefficient reached the lowest value. This is the root cause of the use of running water or aerators in high-yield or high-density farming. Therefore, when feeding the feed, be sure to pay attention to the dissolved oxygen and weather changes in the water. When the water has low dissolved oxygen, low air pressure, and hot weather floating head, do not feed bait until the situation improves. Generally two hours after sunrise, when the dissolved oxygen in the water reaches 4 mg/L or more, it is fed again. Therefore, in the breeding process, it is necessary to frequently take measures such as injecting new water, regulating water quality, removing excessive silt, using oxygen aerators, and monitoring the physical and chemical indicators of water quality, so as to achieve sufficient dissolved oxygen, reduce harmful gas content, facilitate digestion and absorption, and reduce bait The purpose of the coefficient.
Fifth, using scientific and reasonable stocking techniques to correctly select high-quality feeds, and establishing a reasonable stocking density in the stocking process are the key factors in determining the bait coefficient. Therefore, we must first determine the appropriate stocking densities based on the local climatic conditions, water quality conditions, and biological conditions, ie, the optimal stocking amount. The density is too high, the water body is prone to lack of oxygen, and the harmful oxygen sulfide and ammonia nitrogen accumulation increase. The cultured objects living under such conditions grow in a poor water environment and the bait coefficient must rise. On the contrary, if the density is too thin, it cannot Give full play to the potential of the water body, the benefit of the output value decreased, and the bait coefficient also rose.
In addition, the stocking specifications and quality of the cultured animals are the second factor in determining the bait factor in the stocking technology. The general requirements for the specifications and quality of stocking species are: orderliness, consistency, disease-free, injury-free, pure germplasm, healthy and lively. If the stocking quality is good and the body is robust, the appetite will be strong, the digestion and absorption rate will be strong, the energy conversion rate to the feed will be high, the weight gain will be fast, and the performance will be reduced on the bait coefficient.
At present, feeds commonly used in aquaculture production include natural and artificial feeds, ie, raw feeds such as cakes, bran, herbicides, etc., and artificial feeds after processing. . The former category currently has a considerable amount of use in the vast freshwater aquaculture areas, especially in the aquaculture production of conventional fish. The latter category is rapidly expanding the scope of use and usage in aquaculture because of its good growth effect, low water content protection, low feed rate, and significant economic benefits.
6. There are 2 to 3 grades of soybean meal marketed on the bait varieties that meet the requirements of aquaculture standards. The crude protein content is about 47%, 44%, and 42% respectively. The production date is more than one year in quality. , There are also recent production, there is just leaching suppression, there is mildew, the quality of this difference, in use will inevitably affect the fluctuations and changes in the bait coefficient. Therefore, we should strictly control the quality of our purchase or use, and pay attention to moisture and mold during storage.
VII. The important role of natural foods on the growth of cultured objects The application of basal fertilizers and timely topdressing, and the cultivation of corresponding natural palatability foods at different times is still an important supplementary means for modern breeding to reduce the feed coefficient. This is particularly important in the cultivation of shrimp and crab special aquaculture products and the cultivation of fingerlings. In the shrimp and crab culture, the most newly-planted seedlings are mostly tender and small. At this time, rotifers, cladoceros, copepods and small benthos in natural plankton are excellent foods. . They are not only comprehensive and easy to feed, they are extremely beneficial to the growth of shrimp and crab seedlings. Therefore, cultivating these natural food organisms is a very important and urgently needed measure. Production practice has shown that, generally, during the growth period of shrimps and crabs, if sufficient natural food is available, artificial feed can be saved by more than 1/3. Shrimp aquaculture surface with good natural food, the artificial feed used for shrimp artificial diet feed coefficient can be reduced to 1.0 or less, has become an important means of achieving good economic returns.
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