Solar greenhouse cucumber 1, cucumber pest occurrence, damage and prevention and control status Cucumber is a vegetable that urban and rural people like to eat, and its cultivation area accounts for about 50% of the greenhouse vegetable area. Because of the relatively stable environmental conditions in the solar greenhouse and the planting of vegetable crops for many years, it has provided a stable habitat and sufficient food conditions for pests and diseases. In addition, the anti-season cultivation environment is difficult to meet the normal growth and development needs of cucumber, cucumber growth is relatively poor, disease resistance and pest damage after the natural compensation ability is low, the damage caused by the loss of more than 25%. In order to prevent pests and diseases, vegetable farmers still use chemical pesticides as the main prevention and control measures. Generally, 1 to 100 hectares of pesticides are used and 100 to 150 kg of pesticides are used. The highest is 300 kg or more. As a result, pests and insects are eliminated, and the pesticide residue of cucumbers is seriously exceeded, causing consumption. The people have had a fear of eating cucumbers grown in a solar greenhouse, causing environmental pollution and increased production costs. Therefore, the active promotion of pest-free comprehensive prevention and control techniques in solar greenhouses will play an important role in changing the current status of cucumber pest control technologies, ensuring the high quality and high yield of cucumbers in solar greenhouses, and realizing the production of green food cucumbers. 2. Identification and occurrence characteristics of major diseases and insect pests 2.1 Downy mildew. Both the period from the nursery stage to the harvest period can be affected. Only the leaves are infested, and the yellowish leaves initially appear with small yellow spots. After being expanded, they are limited by the veins and form polygonal lesions. In the event of a sudden onset, the entire leaf turns brown, the edges of the leaves roll up, wither from the lower leaves, and when the humidity is high, a gray-black mold layer appears on the back of the diseased leaf. The disease is a fungal airborne disease with a short incubation period, frequent infestation, and high prevalence. If it is not treated in time, it can cause large areas of dryness and even no harvest within a few days. Water droplets or water films on the leaves are the decisive factors in the occurrence of downy mildew. Poorly ventilated greenhouses, condensation and a long time, is conducive to germination, invasion and sporangia formation, downy mildew. 2.2 Gray mold. It mainly affects young larvae. It begins with the petals of female flowers after flowering. It then infects young fruit and causes young fruit to soften. The leaves that come into contact with the uneaten petal and diseased fruit develop a gray-brown, round, large lesion. When the humidity is high, the affected area is covered with gray to pale brown powdery mildew layer. The disease is a low-temperature, high-humidity, weak parasitic disease. The pathogens adhere to the diseased body with mycelium or conidia or remain in the soil for the duration of host interruption. The conidia produced in the diseased area are transmitted through the airflow and reinfected. Mainly occurred in January-March, the general damage rate was 5% - 20%, and the highest was 30%. The disease has become the most difficult disease in cucumber production. 2.3 Scab. It is a newly occurring fungal disease in recent years. It can develop from the seedling stage to the harvest stage, and mainly affects the tender stems, leaves, young fruits and tendrils near the growth point. When the apex of the stem is onset, development ceases and a flower is topping. Onset of the leaves, resulting in small round spots of chlorosis, gradually turning into white round lesions, the edges of the lesions produced cracks and perforation. The stems and berries became infected and formed dark greenish-water immersed pits. Shortly afterwards, the lesions were cracked and flowed. The lesions were covered with velvety mold. The pathogens were overwintering with mycelium in the soil or on greenhouse scaffolds. The conidia can be attached to the surface of the seed or latent in the seed coat to winter. Poor ventilation and high humidity cause severe disease. The peak period occurs in February-April. 2.4 Powdery mildew. It is a disease that occurs more commonly, especially when the plant growth is weak in the middle and later stages, it is prone to epidemic. The main infestation of leaves, stems and petioles is generally not harmful to melon strips. At the early stage of disease, white and round white star-shaped small pink spots appear on the front and back of the leaves. Most of the leaves are on the front and back of the leaves, and they spread to the surrounding areas. The white powder fills the entire leaf when it is serious. The disease is a fungal disease with high temperature and low humidity. The cystic shell is covered with the diseased body in the soil, or overwintered on the melons and solanaceous vegetables in the solar greenhouse. The disease is transmitted through airflow to complete reinfection. The peak occurs after May. 2.5 Sclerotinia. The occurrence period, characteristics of the disease and the site of damage are basically the same as that of gray mold. However, the white worm-like mold layer is generated at the site of sclerotial disease. When the humidity is high, transparent sap flows out, and the sclerotia are formed at the affected site. This is different from The main features of gray mold. 2.6 Anthrax. Cucumber can occur during the growing season, and the disease can damage the leaves, stems and fruits. At the beginning of the onset of the disease, small water-stained chlorotic lesions were produced. After the round or near-circular form, it was reddish-brown with a yellow halo on the periphery. The pathogenic bacteria overwintered in the soil with the diseased body and then re-infected with rainwater and surface water. High humidity is an important factor in inducing the disease. In addition, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, poor ventilation, and severe onset of disease are all heavy. 2.7 Root rot, disease, and blight. Root rot caused damage to cucumber roots and roots below the soil surface. After being damaged, it was initially immersed in water. The diseased part was not constricted, but it turned brown and rotted. It was smut-like, leaving only a filamentous, brownish dimension. Controls but does not develop upwards. The roots of the wilt disease and the vascular bundles at the base of the stems turn dark brown and continue to expand upward to the stems on the ground. Even the vascular bundles of the petioles turn dark brown. In the stem or in the joints, the disease started to become water-stained and dark green, and the diseased part softened and contracted. The leaves above the diseased part gradually wilted and drooped, and finally the melon borer died. The difference between the three is that the rhizomes are cut open, and the ducts turn dark brown and continue to develop upwards. Bacterial disease occurs when the ducts turn dark brown but do not expand upwards to cause root rot. The absence of discoloration of the catheter is an epidemic. 2.8 growth point disappearance. The growing point of the cucumber gradually becomes smaller and eventually disappears, ie no head phenomenon. The main reasons for this are the low soil temperature, the inhibition of normal physiological activities in the root system, or the poor temperature-maintaining facilities in the solar greenhouse. The temperature in the first half of the night is lower than 15°C prematurely. The nutrients produced by the blades are not transported to the growth point, or the result is fatigue. "" Causes the growing point to "starve" and shrink. In the absence of boron and calcium, it can also cause the growth point to disappear. In general sunlight greenhouse cucumbers occur, the occurrence rate is generally 50% - 80%, and the highest is 100%, which is the most serious physiological loss caused by the largest area of ​​cucumber in the solar greenhouse and the most serious economic loss. 2.9 Liriomyza. It was introduced into China in the early 1990s that caused serious damage to polyphagous pests. It can occur in Shaanxi Province in the first year of the year. It mainly damages vegetables in the open season from May to October. It mainly damages greenhouse vegetables from October to June in the following year. It takes 8-10 generations in the solar greenhouse shed for 1 year (years). 3-May is the peak period of damage in the solar greenhouse, that is, the critical period of prevention and control. Adults have a strong yellowing potential. The larvae are plentiful and spread rapidly. They are devastating to cultivated cucumbers in the facility. Adults damage the sap of the leaves of the plants and form near-circular punctiform dents on the leaves. The larvae sneak up the leaves between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves and form them. tunnel. The rate of the damaged plant is 100%, the damage rate of the blade is 30% - 40%, and when it is severe, it is more than 80%. In general, the output loss is 20% to 30%, and the weight is more than 50%. 2.10 Greenhouse whitefly. Also known as the small white moth, it sucks sap from the back of a cluster of adult nymphs. The leaves that are damaged by the nymph are chlorotic and yellow, and the plants grow weak. The excreta that they emit pollutes the leaves, causing coal contamination, and the insect cannot overwinter in Shaanxi. With various forms of insects breeding in the sunlight greenhouse, and through the winter, 1a (years) occurred in the 10-12 generation, and 4-4-5 months were the peak period. In June, as the outside temperature increased, gradually Exposure to the ground. After mid-October, temperatures dropped, and they migrated from open areas to sunlight greenhouses. 3, comprehensive control technology 3.1 Seedling 3.1.1 selection of disease-resistant varieties. Variety is an important condition affecting the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and the counter-season cultivation of cucumbers in solar greenhouses is under the conditions of temperature, humidity, light and other ecological factors in the greenhouse that are difficult to meet the healthy growth and development of plants and is a mandatory growth, its resistance to disease and natural The ability to compensate is significantly reduced. Therefore, good varieties that are adaptable to low temperature and resistant to disease should be selected. Such as Jinchun No. 3, Zhongnong 1, Nongda 12, No. 3 Agricultural City and so on. 3.1.2 Cultivate strong seedlings. The nursery bed was selected in the middle of the shed. The seeds were soaked in 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for 10-20 min (min), and soaked at 1- 2[deg.]C for seed treatment. Nutrient seedlings, high temperature (30°C), low night (12--14°C), large temperature difference management. Pre-planting low temperature (6--7°C) hardening seedlings increases nutrient accumulation and improves stress tolerance. 3.1.3 Grafting cultivation. Grafting cucumbers with resistant rootstocks such as black-skin squash can effectively solve the serious problem of planting wilt disease, overcome the physiological barriers to salt formation, reduce the incidence of disappearance of cucumber growth points, and extend harvest time. 20 days (days), increase production by 10% - 20%. 3.2 Planting period 3.2.1 Set up insect nets. Before planting the greenhouse film for 15-20 days (days) before planting, install 50-60 mesh insect-proof nets at the vents and entrances and exits, then cover the membrane, which can effectively prevent pests from entering. It is better to control pests such as Liriomyza huidofolium and the greenhouse whitefly that cannot live under the natural conditions in Shaanxi. 3.2.2 disinfection of greenhouses. Before the colonization of cucumber seedlings for a long time (twice daily, each time 2- 3h (hours), high dose (30--50mg/kg) 0, (ozone), continuous 2--3d (days). Interval 3-d (days), repeat 1 - 2 times, complete disinfection, leaving no dead ends, reducing the base number of pests and diseases, can solve the fumigation of sulfur and other drugs on the shed some of the facilities of the problem of destruction. Formula fertilization: Reapply organic fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and apply micronutrient fertilizer, apply 4,000--5000kg of organic fertilizer per 667m2, phosphate fertilizer 80--100kg, potassium sulfate 15--20kg, zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer. 1kg.Balance the nutrition of plants, improve the immunity of plants, reduce the occurrence of diseases.. 3.2.4 Cultivation of mulching, cooling and disease prevention. Double ridge cultivation, all-cultivation of mulching film, under-mulch irrigation, reduce the air inside the shed Humidity can effectively reduce the incidence of hi wetness diseases such as cucumber downy mildew, gray mold, and scab, etc. 3.3 Growing period 3.3.1 Hanging light curtains before the low temperature in winter, hanging high in the northern wall of solar greenhouse The 1.5--2.0m galvanized reflector screen enhances light and temperature, promotes robust growth of plants, and enhances disease resistance. By using the controllability of environmental conditions in greenhouses and through measures such as humidity and air exchange, we can minimize the combination of temperature and humidity for the occurrence of diseases and pests, and promote the growth of vegetables and control the occurrence of diseases. And practice, implement four stages of temperature change (wet) management of cucumber, that is, the first half of the greenhouse temperature 25--30 °C, air relative humidity 30% - 70%, the second half temperature 25 - 30 °C, humidity 65% ​​- 90 %, the temperature in the middle of the night is 20--15°C, the humidity is 90%--95%, the temperature is 15-10°C in the middle of the night and the humidity is 95%--100%, which can effectively control the downy mildew, gray mold and sclerotia of cucumber The occurrence of the disease can be achieved without drug control.. 3.3.3 Yellow plate trapping and killing 30cmx40cm in each standard shed (50mx8m) according to the habit of yellowing of pests such as Liriomyza huiana, greenhouse whiteflies and aphids. The yellow plate is 20--25 sheets. The height of the yellow plate is slightly higher than the growth point of the cucumber plant at its lower edge. The insect corpse trapped on it is removed every day, and Vaseline or butter is coated to reduce the insect population by more than 50%. 3.3.4 high-temperature stuffy sheds, choose sunny water on the morning or the day before, and close all the pass The temperature of the cucumber growing point in the shed is raised to 44-45°C, and for 2 h (hours), the lesion can be “calcified†and the spread of the disease can be suppressed. After the boring, the air is slowly ventilated and the temperature gradually returns to normal temperature. This method is a method of "killing and saving" in the case where various measures cannot be used to effectively control diseases such as cucumber downy mildew, and it should not be taken under normal circumstances. The warming of the soil enhances the ventilation of the soil.Cucumbers are generally grown in narrow and wide rows. Because people walk frequently, the soil compacts, the permeability deteriorates, the physiological function of the root system declines prematurely, and the capacity of water absorption and fertilizer absorption deteriorates, and the plants grow weakly. It is prone to fatigue, and the plant growth point disappears due to insufficient nutrition. Therefore, after cucumbers are planted, they are cultivated once every 15-20 days (days), and the depth is 15--20 cm, which creates good soil conditions for the growth of cucumbers and can effectively control the occurrence of diseases such as the disappearance of growth points. 3.3.6 Remove diseased leaves, diseased fruits, and residual petal stigmas. The timely removal of diseased leaves in the lower part of the plant from the time when the cucumber is grown enhances ventilation and light transmission and reduces humidity. On the other hand, it reduces the source of infection and effectively reduces the occurrence of cucumber downy mildew. Cucumber gray mold can be timely removal of cucumber flower, remove the best infection site of gray mold, the control effect of more than 90%. 3.3.7 Chemical Control 1) Downy mildew. Before the onset of disease, 70% of mancozeb, 75% of Miconazole 600 times fluid and other protective agents were sprayed for 10 days (days). After the onset, use 53% Jin Lei Duomi WG (water dispersible granules) 600--800 times, 50% Anke WP (wettable powder) 1000 times, 64% anti-virus WP (wettable powder) 400 times , 72% DuPont Kelu WP (WP) 600 times and other therapeutic agents alternately used, 7d (days) 1 time. Spray time is suitable after 4:00 pm. When the disease occurs, it is also possible to use 5% chlorothalonil powder 1.5-2.0kg per 667 square meters in case of cloudy snow weather, or chlorothalonil aerosol 350g smoke per 667m2 in the evening 4- -6h (hours). 2) Botrytis, Sclerotinia. At the beginning of the disease, 50% fast keratin, 50% acetaminophen 1000 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl powder 800 times, or 50% carbendazim 600-800 times, every 5-7 days (Day) Spray 1, spray 2 - 3 times. When the disease is endemic, the above-mentioned agents are used with a small sprayer at the same time as the whole field spray, but the concentration is increased by 20% and the secondary organ defense against the diseased flower organs will effectively control the epidemic of the disease. If it is rainy and cloudy, it is not suitable for spraying. You can use 10% fast-king spirit aerosol 50g per 100 square meters, or 10% extinguishing powder to spray 1kg per 667 square meters. 3) Scab. At the beginning of the disease, use 75% of Miconazole WP (wettable powder) 600 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP (wetter powder) 800 times, or 70% of mancozeb 500 times, or 50% of acetaminophen 1000 times liquid spray. Focus on the middle and upper leaves and growth points, spray 7--10 days (days), even spray 3--4d (days). 4) Anthrax. The available agents are 50% Carbendazim 500x, 70% Mancozeb 400x, 70% Thiophanate WP (WP) 800x, 2% Sodium Hydroxide, 7d ( Day) Spray once, spray 2 - 3 times. 5) Blast disease. At the beginning of the onset of treatment, you can use 75% Dakenin WP (wettable powder) 600 times, or 70% mancozeb 500 times, 50% carbendazim 500 times, and 5-7 days (days). 1 time, 2 - 3 times in a row. It is also possible to use the above-mentioned agents for stem coating and control 6) Cucumber root rot. Use 70% Diocesone WP (WP) 600 times, 60% anti-mildew 500 times, 500 mL dose per plant, 5 days (days) before irrigation. 7) Powdery mildew. The commonly used agents are 50% carbendazim 500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP800 times, and 40% polysulfide suspension 1000 times. Because triadimefon has an inhibitory effect on cucumber growth points, it should be used with caution. 8) Liriomyza. During the period of prevention and treatment, we will focus on an “early†word. In the initial stage of drug use, a “quasi†character should be used for the time of spraying, and the best time for daily spraying should be before 11:00 am. There are 18% avermectin 2000--3000 times liquid, 25% green kungfu 1000 times liquid, 40% green vegetable treasure 1500 times liquid, 20% zeolius 1500 times liquid, every 4-5 days (days). ) Spray once, spray 2 - 3 days (days). 9) Greenhouse whitefly. 18% avermectin 2000--3000 times, or 25% Aktai 3000 times, or 25% bubanzhi WP2000 times, spray time is best to spray before 10:00 am, it can also be in the evening For use, use 22% diuretic aerosol 0.5kg per 667m2 for closed-grid fumigation. 3.4 Leisure period 3.4.1 Cleaning the pastoral area. After the cucumbers were pulled, the sick plants in the shed were removed in time, and they were destroyed or buried deeply to reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests in the lower jaw. 3.4.2 high temperature stuffy shed. After clearing the park, choose a sunny day and close the shed to warm up the temperature so that the shed temperature reaches 55--60°C for 5-7 days (days), which can effectively kill the spotted fly, whitefly and other pathogens. In order to increase the killing effect, 8-10 cubic meters of water per 667 square meters can be poured before warming up. China Agricultural Network Editor
Chili powder is a spice blend made from dried, ground chili peppers, often combined with other herbs and spices. It typically includes varieties of chili peppers like cayenne, ancho, or chipotle, along with ingredients such as cumin, Garlic Powder, oregano, and paprika. This blend varies in heat intensity depending on the types of chilies used and can range from mild to very hot.
Chili powder is a versatile ingredient used in numerous cuisines worldwide, especially in Mexican, Tex-Mex, Indian, and Thai dishes. It adds depth, flavor, and a distinctive warmth to soups, stews, chili con carne, marinades, and a wide array of savory recipes.
Chilli powder is a red or reddish-yellow, oily and uniform powder, a mixture of red chillies, yellow chillies, chilli seeds and some chilli rods crushed finely, with the inherent spicy aroma of chilli, which stings and sneezes on the nose. Authentic should be pounded out with a stone mortar, or you can directly use dried chillies in the sun or roasted in a pot over a moderate fire and then pounded into powder.
1. Antipyretic and analgesic: Capsicum is pungent and warm, which can lower body temperature through sweating and relieve muscle pain, so it has strong antipyretic and analgesic effects.
2. Preventing cancer: capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli, is an antioxidant, which can prevent the metabolism of the cells concerned, thus terminating the cancerous process of cell tissues and reducing the incidence of cancer cells.
3. Increase appetite, help digestion: the strong spicy flavour of chilli pepper can stimulate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, increase appetite, promote intestinal peristalsis, and help digestion.
4. Reduce fat and weight loss: capsaicin contained in chilli peppers can promote fat metabolism and prevent the accumulation of body fat, which is conducive to fat reduction, weight loss and disease prevention.
Folding
Chili Powder, Chili Ground, Red chili powder, Chaotian chili powder
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