VII. Cultivation of benthic diatoms (1) In the period of 40 to 45 days before seedlings are collected, ovate diatoms, navy diatoms, and diamond-shaped diatoms are collectively referred to as benthic diatoms. This type of algae mainly comes from two aspects: one is to maintain the provenance in winter, the water temperature is controlled at about 12°C, and the light is controlled below 1000 lux. Every two days, the water is changed by 1/2 for cultivation; Before the seedlings were taken, Sargassum was harvested from the sea, filtered through a soft wash, and sieved twice with a 300-mesh sieve, and then inoculated on a corrugated board. After 50 to 60 days of culture, the corrugated board was dark brown and used as a provenance. (2) Strengthen the cultivation and management of benthic diatoms: 1 The nursery ponds are routinely disinfected with potassium permanganate; 2 The polyethylene transparent corrugated board is washed clean. A group of 40 pieces is tied with cellophane ropes, and the plates and plates are to be discharged one by one, leaving gaps in the middle; 3 The nursery pools are flushed with over-wave seawater, and bundles of corrugated plates are placed in the pool; 4 The corrugated board is submerged in water by 10 cm; five kinds of benthic diatom species on the source board are wiped with a foam sponge, filtered twice through a 300-mesh sieve, and poured into a nursery pond, usually four barrels per tank (10000 ml / barrel); 6 down algae, it should be evenly distributed, but also to the corrugated board tied up and hit twice, so that the algae distributed evenly into the gap in each corrugated board; 724 hours later, the board turned over, Connect the other side according to the above method; after 824 hours, set the corrugated plate up and run for 4 hours; after 93 days, take the corrugated board of diatom species, take them out one by one, and put them into abalone baskets. Zhang Zhang, moved to a new nursery pool. At this time, it is necessary to raise the basket to the surface of the water; 10 to run a long stream of water at midnight every day, to stop water at 5 o'clock in the morning, add nutrients; (11) nutrients formula is per cubic meter of water: urea: 20ppm; potassium dihydrogen phosphate: 5ppm; Sodium sulphate: 5ppm; Ferric citrate: 0.5ppm; Change the amount of water once every two days, add the above nutrients after changing the water; (12) Light control in the range of 800-1000 lux; (13) In the whole cultivation process, if you find more In the class, 1ppm of trichlorfon is used to poison, that is, after 24 hours of medicinal bath, the pool is changed for water; (14) oxygen is continuously flushed for 24 hours. Eight, picking seedlings (1) Before picking seedlings, the following preparations must be made: 1 Thoroughly clean the nursery room; 2 All ultraviolet egg collection equipment, hatchery equipment, and nursery ponds must be routinely disinfected with potassium permanganate; 3 Benthic diatoms have been completely dark brown; 4 the filtration system, the pump system, and the function of the heating system should all be checked; 5 hatching tanks, filter drums, and siphons, all routinely disinfected by sodium hypochlorite, and then filtered by UV disinfection. The seawater is flushed and ready for use; 6 Prepare microscopes, beakers, pipettes, counters, blood plate counters, flashlights, and other ready-to-use equipment. (2) When collecting seedlings, the water quality should be strictly required: when artificially growing abalone, the water quality requirement is very strict, and the water for seedling collection must be precipitated by darkness for 12 hours, and then it can be used after being filtered twice. The indicators of seawater are: salinity: 31 to 33 ‰; specific gravity: 1.024 to 1.028; pH: 7.9 to 8.3; dissolved oxygen: 7 to 8 mg/l; ammonia: 50 mg/l or less; copper ion: less than 1 ppb; zinc Ions: 50 ppb or less; lead ions below 10 ppb; arsenic ions: less than 1 ppb; water temperature: 20 ～ 23°C; water quality: twice sand filter, pure and clear. (2) Density of seedlings: When young larvae of Baals grow to hatchlings during hatching (about 65 to 70 hours at water temperature of 20°C), larvae of each hatching tank must be quantified, and then hatching tanks should be moved to nursery. In between, pour into nursery ponds to collect seedlings. The density of corrugated board feeding larvae is 0.15/cm2, and the total amount of corrugated board is 2400cm2 on both sides. It is necessary to cast 360 seedlings with 20 corrugated plates per basket. The total number of seedlings is 7200, and the collection rate is 50%. The actual number of juveniles is 14,400. (2) After picking seedlings need to strengthen management: 1 abalone seedlings, the first to change the water, change the water with a 150-mesh sieve made into a water filter, while filtering out the water, while adding new water. Do it twice a day for 1 hour. The diameter of the filtered water was 25 mm. After 3 days, the larvae were all attached to the corrugated board. The sieve can be removed and the siphon water changed. On the fifth day, the flow of water began to increase, and the exchange volume should reach 4 times the total body water of the pool. 2 On the 5th day, the basket should be referred to the water surface to continue the long-term water culture; 3 The sixth day of trace oxygenation; 4 The 9th day began to pour the pool. Apply nitrogen fertilizer 5ppm and phosphate fertilizer 0.5ppm to the pool by adding water and nutrients at 6 o'clock in the morning. It will continue to flow at 1 pm. When the nutrients are added, the pool is continuously oxygenated to promote the proliferation of benthic diatoms. 5 The light control between the seedlings is 200 lux, the indoor curtain is opened at 4 pm, and the curtain is closed at 8 am. Make full use of the soft lighting on both sides of the morning and evening. You can open the draperies on cloudy days. 6 Drop the pool every 7 days. The method is to fill the empty pool of No. 1 with fresh seawater, take the basket of No. 2 pool and take it to No. 1 pond, then let go of No. 2 pond water, clean the bottom of the pond, fill it with fresh seawater, and then pick the No. 3 pond to collect the seedlings. The basket is moved to No. 2 pool, followed by analogy. 7 When pouring the pool, be careful not to clean the pool wall, because the pool wall is accompanied by a large number of seedlings. 9. The anesthetic stripping of advective feeding was carried out because benthic diatoms on abalone bait plates had been eaten by the juvenile abalone, and 80% of them became “white platesâ€. If the anesthetic was not peeled off in time, the abalone died of hunger and fell to the bottom of the pool and died. . Therefore, it must be anesthetized in a timely manner, placed on the plate, artificially fed with bait, this breeding method called "coop adventure." After entering the cages for feeding, pay attention to the exchange of water. When the length of the young shells is less than 0.5 cm, the amount of water exchanged per day should reach 5 times or more; the shell length should be within 0.8 cm, and the amount of exchanged water in the pool should be 7 times per day. the above. When the length of the young oyster shell reaches 1 cm, the exchange volume per day of water should reach 10 times or more. The main operating features of the advancing feeding technology are: 1Adjusting the water inlet to ensure the exchange of water in different periods; 2Ensure 24 hours of continuous oxygenation; 3Every day at 4 o'clock in the afternoon to feed artificial diets, with the bait first soaked in seawater for 1 hour, Then, each cage (7080 cm) was fed 3-7 grams (referring to the bait weight) to be evenly distributed on the black glass steel corrugated plate; 4 the next morning with a diameter of 0.8 cm siphon, carefully put the bait Absorption of the net, completely and completely required, leaving no residue, at the same time to clean the dead abalone out of the cage; 5 water temperature below 15 °C, once a week down the pool; water temperature above 15 °C, once every 4 days once the pool; 6 feeding bait The quantity should be controlled flexibly. When the residual bait is sucked in the early morning of the next morning, there are too many residual baits, and the number of shots can be appropriately reduced. If it is found that you completely eat, you can increase the number of points. To eat and eat young bastard. Although the seedlings were picked at the same time and peeled off at the same time, the individual growth of the drink varied greatly. Therefore, the dispersion must be screened, and the general individuals begin to disperse and screen when the shell grows to a length of 0.8 cm. Screening uses 3 sieves, the upper pore size is 0.6 cm, the medium pore size is 0.4 cm, the bottom pore size is 40 mesh, and 3 sizes are sieved at one time. The upper layer is a large group with a shell length of 0.7 cm or more, and 2000 eggs per square meter; the middle layer is a medium-sized group, the shell length is 0.45 to 0.6 cm, and 3,500 can be stocked per square meter; the bottom layer is a small group, and the shell length is 0.2 ~ 0.3 cm, 4,000 can be stocked per square meter. When screening and dispersing, pay attention to the following points: 1 Use alcohol as an anesthetic agent, concentration 30%, anesthesia for 3 minutes; 2 abalone after screening is immediately placed in a new sink, a container is quantified, and fed by large, medium, or small groups of bins; 3 Do not feed artificial diets on the day of screening. Decrease the amount of feed by 30% on the next day and start feeding on the third day. 4 Thoroughly clean the cages and keep the pool on schedule to ensure the exchange of water. Elimination of dead abalone in time; 5 Careful operation to minimize mechanical damage. Ten. Feeding Management (1) The main food for abalone is seaweed. The best is brown seaweed kelp and seaweed. However, juvenile abalone with a shell length of 1.5 cm or less should be fed with artificial diets. (2) Currently, there are many formulas with food and bait, and the quality is different. The effect is very different. But the main components required are: Protein: 34.9%; Crude fat: 3.5%; Moisture: 8.9%; Crude fiber: 2.3%; Crude ash: 13.9%; Phosphorus: 1.52%; Calcium: 3.08%. (3) Feeding method: According to the length of the juvenile deceased, determine the size of the feed pellets, the juvenile abalone with a shell length of 0.3 to 0.5 cm should be crushed with a grinder and then sifted through an 80-mesh sieve; the length of the shell is 0.5 to 1 The young bait of centimeters can be sieved using a 30-mesh sieve. However, no matter how big the pellets are used, they must be soaked in seawater for an hour before they can be used. The method of feeding is: mix the food into a paste-like sample, grab it into the cage by hand, and feed it evenly. The precautions are as follows: 1 Strictly control the amount of feeding, to keep a small amount of residual bait on the corrugated board every morning; 2 The feeding time is generally around 4 pm; 3 The following day, the residual bait should be promptly removed to clean thorough. Pay attention to completely remove the residual bait of the cage at the bottom of the board; when sucking the bait, the siphon should not touch the young bait; the key is careful, serious and thorough. XI. Aquaculture Management: (1) The quail culture trusses are generally 60m in length and are made of chemical fiber rope 2.5cm in diameter. Both ends are connected by a stalk stalk and a wooden sill or large cement sill at the bottom of the sea. Plastic float with a diameter of 25cm. The pontoon is fixed at a position by a raft or a large cement hopper at the bottom of the sea, and the buoyancy of the buoy lifts the weight of the aquaculture, so that they are kept in a stable position in the sea area and suspended in a certain water layer for breeding. 1. Feeding The water temperature is lower than 7.0°C from January to March, and the temperature is lower than the water temperature during this period. The abundance of the abalone is not obvious, and the feeding interval can be appropriately extended, once a month. The main species are wakame and kelp. seedling.
From April to May, the water temperature continued to rise, and the nutrients stored by Bao before winter were exhausted. At this time, the seaweed was tender and the food intake was greatly increased. It can be fed once for 5 days to 6 days, but the bait can not be stopped. The amount of feeding should be based on feeding conditions. From June to September, in the sea area with no kelp, mixed bait can be used and fed once every 3 days to 4 days. At this time, the water temperature is mostly above 18°C, and gradually rises to the highest water temperature in a year, and then gradually decreases. Therefore, the growth rate will appear slightly faster—slow—the fastest. Pay attention to strengthening feeding, must not miss the rapid growth period. From October to December, the water temperature gradually decreased from 18°C, and the food intake also decreased as the water temperature decreased. However, at this time, no bait should be stopped. Therefore, during the period of preparation of Bao Yue winter, a large amount of nutrients needs to be accumulated. 2. Safety inspection and scrubbing cage Check whether the cage and the mesh are broken to prevent the abalone from being lost or into the enemy pests to prevent the cage from jamming. The buoyancy should be strengthened before winter to prevent the rope from being twisted and the equipment floated on the surface. It is forbidden to raise the culture cage to the surface when the temperature is below 1°C and the operation is above 30°C. 3. Change the net With the growth of abalone and the increase of attachments, in order to maintain the smooth flow of water, it is necessary to replace the clean mesh of the large mesh in time. The size of the mesh depends on the size of the abalone in the cage so that abalone cannot drill out from the mesh. For degree. 4. Regulation of Water Layers In order to maintain a relatively stable water temperature environment, it is necessary to appropriately extend the slings before the onset of winter and summer, and the spring and autumn seasons can appropriately upgrade the water layer. 5. Clear the enemy and the residual bait to remove the residual bait work can be carried out in combination with feeding, especially in the hot season to strictly prevent rotting in the cage and affect the water quality. The predator organisms are mainly attached organisms such as mussels and oysters. They will block cages due to a large number of attachments, affect the exchange of water quality, compete with Bao for survival space, and will also scrape the slings and cause cages to be thrown away. Preventive measures: During the breeding season of enemy pests, avoid the adhesion of predator organisms by adjusting the water layer, or perform manual scraping. 6. The length of the breeding cycle in the breeding cycle and the harvesting season is related to the size, quality, sea area conditions and management level of the cultured seedlings. For example, a type of seedling (large individual seedling in the seedling) grows quickly and has a short breeding period; the long incubation period, the presence of attached mud, and attached organisms in the cultured sea area are also conducive to growth; the management level mainly refers to feeding and network replacement. Timely, bait quality, etc., these will affect the growth rate of cultured abalone. In the northern sea area of ​​China, Bao seedlings with a shell length of 2.0 cm are used for breeding in the spring. The first anniversary is about 5 cm, the second anniversary is about 7 cm, and the third anniversary is 8 cm. In December, the winter water temperature dropped to about 10°C. it is good. (2) Absorption of caisson in the intertidal zone 1. Selection of rocky belts in the intertidal zone should be recommended. There should be no sediment and siltation in the sea area, and it should not be easily attacked by natural disasters. The sea area is uncontaminated, seawater exchange conditions are better, and it is easy to harvest and transplant for the feeding of abalone. Seaweed. The highest water temperature in the normal sea area is between 26°C and 27°C, and the lowest is 1°C. There is no ice and shallow ice in the shallow sea zone, and there is no fresh water and industrial sewage inflow. The water depth can reach 1.0m or more at the lowest tide after the reconstruction of Jiankang, and the water depth is maintained at 3.0m or more at full tide. 2. When the seedlings are released, the seedlings can be planted in spring. When the temperature of the seawater rises to 12°C to 13°C, it can be carried out. At this time, the overwintering seed individuals used were more than 2.0 cm. With the rise of water temperature, the algae flourished, the food intake increased, and the growth rate accelerated. Relatively low temperature at this time is conducive to the growth of the survival rate of Bao Miao transportation. 3. The seedlings should not be less than 2cm in spring and 3cm in fall. This is because spring water temperature rises, autumn water temperature drops, and food intake and growth are affected. 4. The density of seedlings is usually determined according to the exchange of water in the breeding sea area, the seed size, the convenience of bait supply, and the level of management techniques. Usually, 2.0 to 3.0 cm seedlings are stocked from 150 to 250 per square meter. . 5. The management is basically the same as that for sea bream. Feeding the bait and cleaning the bait are regularly performed. The mesh is often inspected for grinding. In particular, the wind should be promptly checked and repaired, and as the individuals grow up and mesh attachments increase. Timely replacement of mesh. According to the growth specifications and market prices, timely harvest sales, to achieve large income and small, timely restocking stocks. (3) Proliferation of the bottom playback stream As described above, abalone has the characteristics of small mobility, slow growth, and plant feeding, and is an ideal object for releasing and reproducing. China's abalone output was only about 100 tons in 1985, and it had reached more than 1000 tons in 1995. Artificial breeding and propagation of the abundance contributed to this. In the past few years, more than 8cm of species of abalone that have been captured have been kept artificially, accounting for more than 70% of the abundance, and the prospects for releasing and breeding are very broad. 1. The selection of discharge sites is rocky reefs, no siltation in the vicinity, no large quantities of freshwater and industrial effluent inflows, small winds and waves in the sea area, less vulnerability to disasters, unimpeded currents, and the ability of seawater to use waves, tides, coastal currents, etc. The land exchanges, the water quality is clear, and the submarine algae has a variety of lush areas. 2. Releasing specifications and density In the process of playing the bottom stream, the first problem encountered is the discharge specification. The survival rate of the young abalone with a shell length of 2 cm is less than 10% after 1 year; the shell length is 3cm to 30% to 60%; Longer than 4cm can be stable at 70% to 80%, that is, the greater the discharge standard, the higher the recapture rate. The general artificial nursery can grow to about 2.5cm in winter through the winter in the middle of the following year. At this time, the discharge is ideal, because it is the season after which the abundance of abundance grows and the seaweed grows naturally. If the water temperature gradually decreases in the autumn, the abalone grows slowly and the discharge specification should be more than 3cm. The discharge density is mainly determined by the background survey conducted before the release of the sea area. How about the natural resource volume of Bao? Natural seaweed species, quantity and seasonal changes, predators, etc., general release shell length 2.5cm ~ 3.0cm seedlings by 10 per m2 is appropriate. 3. Releasing methods and technical requirements First, choose a calm sea, sunny and suitable temperature weather, mid-tide or neap tide, and dry tide should be appropriate. Second, with the attached plate out of the pool, the measurement must be accurate and avoid excessive and insufficient quantities. Third, to avoid extrusion, light exposure, rain and dehydration during transportation, transportation equipment should be cleaned. Fourth, use polyethylene ropes to connect each corrugated plate in series, and attach two pendant stones to each corrugated plate, sink into the seabed, place divers under the sea on a certain position, and then use two pendant stones to press the corrugated plate. Make it natural. Fifth, after 3 days of release, the young abalone can all leave corrugated plates and disperse into the crevices of the algae clumps. At this point, the corrugated plates can be retracted. 4. Management 1). The most important threat to the survival of juvenile abalone is the elimination of enemy animals. Such as carnivorous fish, shrimp and crabs, echinoderms, mollusks and other cephalopods and gastropods. Currently, no effective measures have yet been found for the prevention and control of predatory animals, which are mainly carried out by divers who regularly catch and place cages in the sea facing the discharge area. 2). Transplantation of seaweed In the absence of a proliferation area of ​​natural algae bait, artificial algae transplantation is performed. Even in the sea areas where algae were originally grown, abundance of seaweed shoots by animals such as abalone, which feed on algae, can cause rapid reduction in algal resources. As a result, the growth of algae is hindered. Therefore, it is necessary to try to transplant suitable for the sea area. Live algae species that grow and reproduce faster, such as kelp and wakame, can be transplanted directly into the body or artificially stimulated to sporadically spores during the seedling stage to facilitate the expansion of the algae's growth area and proliferation yield. (IV) The intertidal zone surrounding the pond The Baoweichi raising abalone refers to artificial pooling on the coast where conditions are appropriate and investing in seed breeding. The development is based on the advantages of the proliferation of the bottom playback stream and the maintenance of the caisson and abalone. One of the most popular farming methods. 1. The choice of sea area is basically the same as the sea area where bottom broadcast propagation and caisson culture are performed. Choose in the rocky area, close to the seaweed that does not have siltation, is not easily affected by disasters, seawater is not polluted, and it is easy to transplant for feed. 2. After the construction of the sea area is determined, the advantageous terrain shall be constructed in the mid-tide area. The pond shall maintain sufficient water depth and the low tide shall not be less than 2.5m; the wall of the pool shall be firm, especially on the side impacted by wind and waves, and at the lowest point of the outer wall. Leave a drain hole to clear the bottom of the tank at the lowest tide. The size and shape of the pool are not limited. In the bottom of the pool, some artificial reefs can be thrown in, increasing the area of ​​attachment and providing habitat. If necessary, cover the grid on the wall to prevent abalone escape and enemy invasion. 3. Stocking densities and methods of seedling investment The amount of seedlings for raising the abalone in the surrounding pond is between the bottom sowing propagation and the caisson culture. Generally, 50 to 60 seeds of 2 cm to 3 cm per square meter are suitable. Before the seedlings are injected, they must try their best to remove the predators. It is better to use submerged seedlings, that is, the diver will place the seedlings and attachment plates together at the bottom of the pool, and the attachments will be withdrawn after the seedlings leave the attachments. 4. Management 1). The feeding types of Bao during different seasons of the year are different from the food intake. Therefore, the feeding amount plan for different seasons should be formulated. From January to March, when the water temperature is lower than 7°C, feeding can be performed 1 time; from April to June, feeding is performed every 10 days to 15 days; from July to September, every 4 days to 5 days are cast Feed 1 time; from October to December, feed every 5 days to 6 days. Always observe the dive and adjust the amount of feed each time depending on the amount of bait. When conditions permit, we should transplant as much algae as we like, such as kelp and wakame, to reduce the number of feedings. 2). Clearing the enemy's harmful creatures is captured by the diver and placed in a net cage for trapping. It can also be picked out when the sewage is changed. The characteristics of raising fish around the pond are: It can save the input of breeding equipment, artificial and power equipment, reduce the occurrence of diseases, reduce the cost of breeding, and has a fast growth rate and a high rate of catching. It is very suitable for the production of individual-butterhead manufacturers. Twelve, disease control Bacterial disease [symptoms] occurred in the juvenile abalone on the foot of the epithelial tissue flaking and rupture, the body around the sinusoids and nerve sheaths are Vibrio, rapid degeneration of the peripheral nerves, causing abundance of abalone death. [Treatment method] 1 It was immersed in seawater solution of chloramphenicol 2510-6-5010-6 for 0.5h - 1.0h. 2 Dilute with 5% dimethoxamine 5% seawater for 2 min to 3 min. 3 with sulfa alloxan? The 1% to 3% azole aqueous solution was immersed for 3 minutes to 5 minutes. After treatment with the above drugs, the diseased abalone was exposed to air for 10 minutes to 15 minutes to allow the drug to fully infiltrate the lesion and return it to seawater. Fungal Diseases [Symptoms] Many bumps occur on the abdomen of the abalone, on the upper foot, and on the back of the foot. The bulge contains mycelial hyphae. The pathogen is the fungal species of the genus Myriapes. [Control method] The use of 1010-6 sodium hypochlorite solution to kill fungus zoospore in water can prevent fungi. Send gold bug [symptoms] The pathogen is the Australopithecus golden insect of the apicomplexa. The abdomen of the diseased abalone, mantle and adductor muscles or on the surface or on the surface thereof has a pustule of 1 mm to 3 mm, which is light yellow or brown and soft. The pustule contains pus, and there are a large number of spores and white blood cells in the pus. Some diseased abalones in the haemolymph have lumps of fungal spores as long as 1 mm and are free of circulatory system. The water temperature at the time of onset is 20°C and the salinity is about 30 。. The parasite, P. striolata, can permeate from the intestine of Abalone to the foot and abdomen tissue of Abalone to form cysts and produce lumps in the parasites, making the abdomen muscles of Abalone significantly thinner and reducing the adhesion of the feet. Ability to easily fall off from attached objects. There is no cure yet. Bubble disease forms many bubbles below the epithelial tissue of abalone. Severe or not feeding, climbed on the surface of the attached base or above the pool wall, the adhesion was weakened, the pigment in the mouth decreased, and the teeth, tongue, feet, mantle, and upper foot were swollen, and the upper foot became scale-toothed. The disease-causing pouches often suffer from secondary infections caused by vibriosis. Bubble disease generally occurs in indoor pool feeding conditions where artificial feeds are simply fed. When the feeding amount is too large, the residual bait is too much, the water exchange amount is too small, and the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, the artificial bait is indigestible in the body, and bubbles are formed in the body after fermentation. When a bubble disease is found, fresh algae food should be immediately changed to remove the residual baits in the pool, and a large amount of water can be quickly changed. If effective measures are taken at the early stage of disease, the disease can be eliminated within 1 to 2 days, resulting in no deaths. Impetigo[Symptoms] There are many white pustules on the muscles of the abdomen of the abdomen. Generally, it can be maintained for a period of time without rupture. In the summer when the high temperature continues, the condition is aggravated and the duration of the disease is shortened. The pustules will burst in a short time, and the rupture will occur. A lot of white gravy was poured out, and a deep hole ranging from 2mm to 5mm was left, causing the foot muscles to show different levels of ulceration. At this time, the attachment ability and appetite of the abalone decreased until it fell out of the water from the attached object and died of hunger. [Prevention methods] 1 Strict isolation and culture to reduce infection. 2 Use healthy pro-Boo seedlings. 3 properly control the water temperature. 4 rational use of drugs, before the high temperature with 3.1210-6 compound sulfamethoxamine or 1.5610-6 chloramphenicol solution bath 3h, once a day, for 3 consecutive days, every 3 days to 5 days 1 cycle. [Treatment method] Alternately use a single drug, use 3,1 210-6 chloramphenicol or 6.2510-6 compound sulfamethoxazole solution bath 3h, once a day, 3 days a cycle. Fifteen, harvesting technology: diving, fishing rod fishing gear and fishing methods: diving and catching heavy diving and light diving are two. Re-dive and light dive are more advanced methods of capture, working water depth of up to 30 meters. Fishing rod fishing is a method of capture on the water. The fishing rod is composed of two parts: a rod and a shovel head. The rod is 4-5 meters long. The shovel head is a toothed iron file, and a small mesh bag is connected behind it. During work, people stood on a small pimple and used a head mirror to look underwater. When Bao was found, he took the opportunity to take the rod and asked Bao to shovel it off with a spatula head. The shovel under the shovel can automatically fall into the back mesh bag. Compared with submerged fishing, fishing rod capture is relatively original, but it is still used in many places, especially when the spring winter when the abundance of large abundance of the shift to the shallow water area, fishing rod fishing more practical. In resource-rich sea areas, a skilled fisherman can fish several kilograms. Bao's plumpness has obvious seasonal changes, and the rate of meat harvested in late spring and early summer is high and its quality is also good. The harvested and transported artificial abalone should be anesthetized and stripped with 4% alcohol to avoid injury to the body and improve the survival rate. The anesthesia time is 4 to 5 minutes. The transported live abalone should be made of foam plastic specially made transport boxes. Each box is divided into 3 layers. It can hold 10~13kg live abalone and put ice cubes inside. The temperature is controlled at 5~8°C, and the survival rate is the highest. Generally it can live 48~ 58 hours.
From April to May, the water temperature continued to rise, and the nutrients stored by Bao before winter were exhausted. At this time, the seaweed was tender and the food intake was greatly increased. It can be fed once for 5 days to 6 days, but the bait can not be stopped. The amount of feeding should be based on feeding conditions. From June to September, in the sea area with no kelp, mixed bait can be used and fed once every 3 days to 4 days. At this time, the water temperature is mostly above 18°C, and gradually rises to the highest water temperature in a year, and then gradually decreases. Therefore, the growth rate will appear slightly faster—slow—the fastest. Pay attention to strengthening feeding, must not miss the rapid growth period. From October to December, the water temperature gradually decreased from 18°C, and the food intake also decreased as the water temperature decreased. However, at this time, no bait should be stopped. Therefore, during the period of preparation of Bao Yue winter, a large amount of nutrients needs to be accumulated. 2. Safety inspection and scrubbing cage Check whether the cage and the mesh are broken to prevent the abalone from being lost or into the enemy pests to prevent the cage from jamming. The buoyancy should be strengthened before winter to prevent the rope from being twisted and the equipment floated on the surface. It is forbidden to raise the culture cage to the surface when the temperature is below 1°C and the operation is above 30°C. 3. Change the net With the growth of abalone and the increase of attachments, in order to maintain the smooth flow of water, it is necessary to replace the clean mesh of the large mesh in time. The size of the mesh depends on the size of the abalone in the cage so that abalone cannot drill out from the mesh. For degree. 4. Regulation of Water Layers In order to maintain a relatively stable water temperature environment, it is necessary to appropriately extend the slings before the onset of winter and summer, and the spring and autumn seasons can appropriately upgrade the water layer. 5. Clear the enemy and the residual bait to remove the residual bait work can be carried out in combination with feeding, especially in the hot season to strictly prevent rotting in the cage and affect the water quality. The predator organisms are mainly attached organisms such as mussels and oysters. They will block cages due to a large number of attachments, affect the exchange of water quality, compete with Bao for survival space, and will also scrape the slings and cause cages to be thrown away. Preventive measures: During the breeding season of enemy pests, avoid the adhesion of predator organisms by adjusting the water layer, or perform manual scraping. 6. The length of the breeding cycle in the breeding cycle and the harvesting season is related to the size, quality, sea area conditions and management level of the cultured seedlings. For example, a type of seedling (large individual seedling in the seedling) grows quickly and has a short breeding period; the long incubation period, the presence of attached mud, and attached organisms in the cultured sea area are also conducive to growth; the management level mainly refers to feeding and network replacement. Timely, bait quality, etc., these will affect the growth rate of cultured abalone. In the northern sea area of ​​China, Bao seedlings with a shell length of 2.0 cm are used for breeding in the spring. The first anniversary is about 5 cm, the second anniversary is about 7 cm, and the third anniversary is 8 cm. In December, the winter water temperature dropped to about 10°C. it is good. (2) Absorption of caisson in the intertidal zone 1. Selection of rocky belts in the intertidal zone should be recommended. There should be no sediment and siltation in the sea area, and it should not be easily attacked by natural disasters. The sea area is uncontaminated, seawater exchange conditions are better, and it is easy to harvest and transplant for the feeding of abalone. Seaweed. The highest water temperature in the normal sea area is between 26°C and 27°C, and the lowest is 1°C. There is no ice and shallow ice in the shallow sea zone, and there is no fresh water and industrial sewage inflow. The water depth can reach 1.0m or more at the lowest tide after the reconstruction of Jiankang, and the water depth is maintained at 3.0m or more at full tide. 2. When the seedlings are released, the seedlings can be planted in spring. When the temperature of the seawater rises to 12°C to 13°C, it can be carried out. At this time, the overwintering seed individuals used were more than 2.0 cm. With the rise of water temperature, the algae flourished, the food intake increased, and the growth rate accelerated. Relatively low temperature at this time is conducive to the growth of the survival rate of Bao Miao transportation. 3. The seedlings should not be less than 2cm in spring and 3cm in fall. This is because spring water temperature rises, autumn water temperature drops, and food intake and growth are affected. 4. The density of seedlings is usually determined according to the exchange of water in the breeding sea area, the seed size, the convenience of bait supply, and the level of management techniques. Usually, 2.0 to 3.0 cm seedlings are stocked from 150 to 250 per square meter. . 5. The management is basically the same as that for sea bream. Feeding the bait and cleaning the bait are regularly performed. The mesh is often inspected for grinding. In particular, the wind should be promptly checked and repaired, and as the individuals grow up and mesh attachments increase. Timely replacement of mesh. According to the growth specifications and market prices, timely harvest sales, to achieve large income and small, timely restocking stocks. (3) Proliferation of the bottom playback stream As described above, abalone has the characteristics of small mobility, slow growth, and plant feeding, and is an ideal object for releasing and reproducing. China's abalone output was only about 100 tons in 1985, and it had reached more than 1000 tons in 1995. Artificial breeding and propagation of the abundance contributed to this. In the past few years, more than 8cm of species of abalone that have been captured have been kept artificially, accounting for more than 70% of the abundance, and the prospects for releasing and breeding are very broad. 1. The selection of discharge sites is rocky reefs, no siltation in the vicinity, no large quantities of freshwater and industrial effluent inflows, small winds and waves in the sea area, less vulnerability to disasters, unimpeded currents, and the ability of seawater to use waves, tides, coastal currents, etc. The land exchanges, the water quality is clear, and the submarine algae has a variety of lush areas. 2. Releasing specifications and density In the process of playing the bottom stream, the first problem encountered is the discharge specification. The survival rate of the young abalone with a shell length of 2 cm is less than 10% after 1 year; the shell length is 3cm to 30% to 60%; Longer than 4cm can be stable at 70% to 80%, that is, the greater the discharge standard, the higher the recapture rate. The general artificial nursery can grow to about 2.5cm in winter through the winter in the middle of the following year. At this time, the discharge is ideal, because it is the season after which the abundance of abundance grows and the seaweed grows naturally. If the water temperature gradually decreases in the autumn, the abalone grows slowly and the discharge specification should be more than 3cm. The discharge density is mainly determined by the background survey conducted before the release of the sea area. How about the natural resource volume of Bao? Natural seaweed species, quantity and seasonal changes, predators, etc., general release shell length 2.5cm ~ 3.0cm seedlings by 10 per m2 is appropriate. 3. Releasing methods and technical requirements First, choose a calm sea, sunny and suitable temperature weather, mid-tide or neap tide, and dry tide should be appropriate. Second, with the attached plate out of the pool, the measurement must be accurate and avoid excessive and insufficient quantities. Third, to avoid extrusion, light exposure, rain and dehydration during transportation, transportation equipment should be cleaned. Fourth, use polyethylene ropes to connect each corrugated plate in series, and attach two pendant stones to each corrugated plate, sink into the seabed, place divers under the sea on a certain position, and then use two pendant stones to press the corrugated plate. Make it natural. Fifth, after 3 days of release, the young abalone can all leave corrugated plates and disperse into the crevices of the algae clumps. At this point, the corrugated plates can be retracted. 4. Management 1). The most important threat to the survival of juvenile abalone is the elimination of enemy animals. Such as carnivorous fish, shrimp and crabs, echinoderms, mollusks and other cephalopods and gastropods. Currently, no effective measures have yet been found for the prevention and control of predatory animals, which are mainly carried out by divers who regularly catch and place cages in the sea facing the discharge area. 2). Transplantation of seaweed In the absence of a proliferation area of ​​natural algae bait, artificial algae transplantation is performed. Even in the sea areas where algae were originally grown, abundance of seaweed shoots by animals such as abalone, which feed on algae, can cause rapid reduction in algal resources. As a result, the growth of algae is hindered. Therefore, it is necessary to try to transplant suitable for the sea area. Live algae species that grow and reproduce faster, such as kelp and wakame, can be transplanted directly into the body or artificially stimulated to sporadically spores during the seedling stage to facilitate the expansion of the algae's growth area and proliferation yield. (IV) The intertidal zone surrounding the pond The Baoweichi raising abalone refers to artificial pooling on the coast where conditions are appropriate and investing in seed breeding. The development is based on the advantages of the proliferation of the bottom playback stream and the maintenance of the caisson and abalone. One of the most popular farming methods. 1. The choice of sea area is basically the same as the sea area where bottom broadcast propagation and caisson culture are performed. Choose in the rocky area, close to the seaweed that does not have siltation, is not easily affected by disasters, seawater is not polluted, and it is easy to transplant for feed. 2. After the construction of the sea area is determined, the advantageous terrain shall be constructed in the mid-tide area. The pond shall maintain sufficient water depth and the low tide shall not be less than 2.5m; the wall of the pool shall be firm, especially on the side impacted by wind and waves, and at the lowest point of the outer wall. Leave a drain hole to clear the bottom of the tank at the lowest tide. The size and shape of the pool are not limited. In the bottom of the pool, some artificial reefs can be thrown in, increasing the area of ​​attachment and providing habitat. If necessary, cover the grid on the wall to prevent abalone escape and enemy invasion. 3. Stocking densities and methods of seedling investment The amount of seedlings for raising the abalone in the surrounding pond is between the bottom sowing propagation and the caisson culture. Generally, 50 to 60 seeds of 2 cm to 3 cm per square meter are suitable. Before the seedlings are injected, they must try their best to remove the predators. It is better to use submerged seedlings, that is, the diver will place the seedlings and attachment plates together at the bottom of the pool, and the attachments will be withdrawn after the seedlings leave the attachments. 4. Management 1). The feeding types of Bao during different seasons of the year are different from the food intake. Therefore, the feeding amount plan for different seasons should be formulated. From January to March, when the water temperature is lower than 7°C, feeding can be performed 1 time; from April to June, feeding is performed every 10 days to 15 days; from July to September, every 4 days to 5 days are cast Feed 1 time; from October to December, feed every 5 days to 6 days. Always observe the dive and adjust the amount of feed each time depending on the amount of bait. When conditions permit, we should transplant as much algae as we like, such as kelp and wakame, to reduce the number of feedings. 2). Clearing the enemy's harmful creatures is captured by the diver and placed in a net cage for trapping. It can also be picked out when the sewage is changed. The characteristics of raising fish around the pond are: It can save the input of breeding equipment, artificial and power equipment, reduce the occurrence of diseases, reduce the cost of breeding, and has a fast growth rate and a high rate of catching. It is very suitable for the production of individual-butterhead manufacturers. Twelve, disease control Bacterial disease [symptoms] occurred in the juvenile abalone on the foot of the epithelial tissue flaking and rupture, the body around the sinusoids and nerve sheaths are Vibrio, rapid degeneration of the peripheral nerves, causing abundance of abalone death. [Treatment method] 1 It was immersed in seawater solution of chloramphenicol 2510-6-5010-6 for 0.5h - 1.0h. 2 Dilute with 5% dimethoxamine 5% seawater for 2 min to 3 min. 3 with sulfa alloxan? The 1% to 3% azole aqueous solution was immersed for 3 minutes to 5 minutes. After treatment with the above drugs, the diseased abalone was exposed to air for 10 minutes to 15 minutes to allow the drug to fully infiltrate the lesion and return it to seawater. Fungal Diseases [Symptoms] Many bumps occur on the abdomen of the abalone, on the upper foot, and on the back of the foot. The bulge contains mycelial hyphae. The pathogen is the fungal species of the genus Myriapes. [Control method] The use of 1010-6 sodium hypochlorite solution to kill fungus zoospore in water can prevent fungi. Send gold bug [symptoms] The pathogen is the Australopithecus golden insect of the apicomplexa. The abdomen of the diseased abalone, mantle and adductor muscles or on the surface or on the surface thereof has a pustule of 1 mm to 3 mm, which is light yellow or brown and soft. The pustule contains pus, and there are a large number of spores and white blood cells in the pus. Some diseased abalones in the haemolymph have lumps of fungal spores as long as 1 mm and are free of circulatory system. The water temperature at the time of onset is 20°C and the salinity is about 30 。. The parasite, P. striolata, can permeate from the intestine of Abalone to the foot and abdomen tissue of Abalone to form cysts and produce lumps in the parasites, making the abdomen muscles of Abalone significantly thinner and reducing the adhesion of the feet. Ability to easily fall off from attached objects. There is no cure yet. Bubble disease forms many bubbles below the epithelial tissue of abalone. Severe or not feeding, climbed on the surface of the attached base or above the pool wall, the adhesion was weakened, the pigment in the mouth decreased, and the teeth, tongue, feet, mantle, and upper foot were swollen, and the upper foot became scale-toothed. The disease-causing pouches often suffer from secondary infections caused by vibriosis. Bubble disease generally occurs in indoor pool feeding conditions where artificial feeds are simply fed. When the feeding amount is too large, the residual bait is too much, the water exchange amount is too small, and the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, the artificial bait is indigestible in the body, and bubbles are formed in the body after fermentation. When a bubble disease is found, fresh algae food should be immediately changed to remove the residual baits in the pool, and a large amount of water can be quickly changed. If effective measures are taken at the early stage of disease, the disease can be eliminated within 1 to 2 days, resulting in no deaths. Impetigo[Symptoms] There are many white pustules on the muscles of the abdomen of the abdomen. Generally, it can be maintained for a period of time without rupture. In the summer when the high temperature continues, the condition is aggravated and the duration of the disease is shortened. The pustules will burst in a short time, and the rupture will occur. A lot of white gravy was poured out, and a deep hole ranging from 2mm to 5mm was left, causing the foot muscles to show different levels of ulceration. At this time, the attachment ability and appetite of the abalone decreased until it fell out of the water from the attached object and died of hunger. [Prevention methods] 1 Strict isolation and culture to reduce infection. 2 Use healthy pro-Boo seedlings. 3 properly control the water temperature. 4 rational use of drugs, before the high temperature with 3.1210-6 compound sulfamethoxamine or 1.5610-6 chloramphenicol solution bath 3h, once a day, for 3 consecutive days, every 3 days to 5 days 1 cycle. [Treatment method] Alternately use a single drug, use 3,1 210-6 chloramphenicol or 6.2510-6 compound sulfamethoxazole solution bath 3h, once a day, 3 days a cycle. Fifteen, harvesting technology: diving, fishing rod fishing gear and fishing methods: diving and catching heavy diving and light diving are two. Re-dive and light dive are more advanced methods of capture, working water depth of up to 30 meters. Fishing rod fishing is a method of capture on the water. The fishing rod is composed of two parts: a rod and a shovel head. The rod is 4-5 meters long. The shovel head is a toothed iron file, and a small mesh bag is connected behind it. During work, people stood on a small pimple and used a head mirror to look underwater. When Bao was found, he took the opportunity to take the rod and asked Bao to shovel it off with a spatula head. The shovel under the shovel can automatically fall into the back mesh bag. Compared with submerged fishing, fishing rod capture is relatively original, but it is still used in many places, especially when the spring winter when the abundance of large abundance of the shift to the shallow water area, fishing rod fishing more practical. In resource-rich sea areas, a skilled fisherman can fish several kilograms. Bao's plumpness has obvious seasonal changes, and the rate of meat harvested in late spring and early summer is high and its quality is also good. The harvested and transported artificial abalone should be anesthetized and stripped with 4% alcohol to avoid injury to the body and improve the survival rate. The anesthesia time is 4 to 5 minutes. The transported live abalone should be made of foam plastic specially made transport boxes. Each box is divided into 3 layers. It can hold 10~13kg live abalone and put ice cubes inside. The temperature is controlled at 5~8°C, and the survival rate is the highest. Generally it can live 48~ 58 hours.
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