The area of ​​apples grown in China is large. However, due to the serious occurrence of apple ringworm disease and the difficulty in control, fruit growers will suffer major economic losses every year. At present, as the majority of farmers have been using the old prevention and treatment methods to make the ringworm disease more and more heavy. According to experts, the annual direct economic loss caused by the damage to the ringworm disease in China is as much as 3 to 5 billion RMB. The incidence and frequency of apple ringworm disease in China is very wide and the degree of the disease is very serious. For example, in 12 provinces and municipalities such as Xuhui District in northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Liaoning, the damage caused by apple ringworm disease is very serious. In particular, non-bagging apples generally rotten fruit rate of 20% to 40%, apple ringworm disease year rotting fruit rate can be as high as 40% to 60%. In recent years, in some areas, the application of fruit bagging technology has reduced the rotten fruit to a certain extent, but it has not been able to solve the rotting problem well. Now a peasant friend is introducing a new technology for the prevention and treatment of apple ringworm disease. First, the main characteristics of apple ringworm disease apple ringworm disease, including the ringworm ringworm disease and fruit ringworm disease two kinds of hazard symptoms. Ringworm disease, that is, the ringworm pathogen invaded the skin of apple branches, after the second year began to enlarge, usually in the third year became a tumor tumor, three or four years on the branches around the tumor on the cracks and skin. At the same time encounter a suitable climate on the spores began to re-infection. Ringworm disease is often referred to as rotten apple. Its symptoms of rotting have evolved from the single “ring pattern†of the past to the current five symptoms of rotten fruit. We are usually called "annular rim type", "raised rim pattern", "planar round pattern", "red circle type", "non-ring type" and so on. Second, China's apple ringworm disease hazards What are the main hazards of apple ringworm disease includes two major aspects: First, the harm of apple tree branches, we often say that the stem ring disease, that is, rough skin disease. Twig ringworm disease is the basis of the entire disease. On the one hand, Physalospora spp. damages the tree body, seizes nutrients from the tree, secretes toxins to poison the fruit trees, weakens the apple tree vigor, and affects the normal growth of the tree. Severely caused the branches to die, and even led to the death of the entire tree. On the other hand, stem ringworm disease produces a bacterial source, causing re-infection. For example, pathogenic bacteria can infect fruits and cause rotten fruit. The pathogenic bacteria also infect new apple shoots and cause new damage to the stem bracts. Second, it harms apple fruit and causes rotten fruit. It is invaded by lenticels in young fruit of apple, and generally rotten fruit occurs from August to October. This is a problem that the majority of farmers are very concerned about, because fruit ringworm directly causes a loss of yield. According to our investigation in various regions of the country, the average annual disease loss was more than 300 kilograms per mu, and the average annual loss of fruit was 500 to 600 kilograms per mu. Third, apple ringworm disease can not control, mainly due to four reasons caused by the first is the original fruit farmers have no clear understanding of the law of apple ringworm disease, or is not really clear, resulting in the existence of production control technology With great blindness, although they have invested a lot of labor and medication costs throughout the year, due to unscientific methods of prevention and control, it is impossible to achieve a good control effect. The second is that the ringworm pathogen has already mutated and has developed resistance to the disease. The current ringworm germs have already undergone significant variations on the original basis. Although both belong to the ringworm pathogen, there are significant differences between the categories. According to the genetic distance, four genetic variants can be divided into the following categories: No. 1 race, No. 2 race, No. 3 race and No. 4 race. In particular, the ability of the races No. 3 and No. 4 races to infestation has been significantly enhanced. Because the ability of these mutants to adapt to acids is relatively strong, the period of rotting has been advanced and the time for damage has been prolonged. At the same time, these variants of the Physalospora pneumoniae produced resistance to some pesticides, and the symptoms of rotting fruit that have affected the infection have also undergone significant changes. At present, areas with severe rotting in the whole country are mainly No. 3 and No. 4 Phytophthora infestans. This is a problem for growers who do not understand the situation, which has virtually increased the difficulty of controlling ringworm disease. Third, the current ringworm has produced significant resistance to the drug. The current ringworm has produced varying degrees of resistance or resistance to a variety of commonly used fungicides. For example, many years of use of thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, anthrax, etc., and even US-made “Dasheng M-45†and other agents have significantly reduced the control effect of bovine ringworm disease. At the same time, the control effect of using these ingredient complexes is not as good as before. Coupled with the fact that farmers often buy poor quality pesticides in the pesticide market, they also increase the difficulty of control. Fourth, there are still many problems with current pesticides. For example, the production of fungicides has a single function and does not resist rain erosion. In addition, the quality of fruit farmers to fight drugs but also off a lot. Fourth, the occurrence of apple ringworm disease in accordance with the apple planting regions and different ecological conditions, apple ringworm disease law there is a big difference. We are divided into "five major areas for prevention and treatment of ringworm disease." That is, the main prevention and control area of ​​the Longhai Line; the second prevention and control area of ​​the Bohai Sea, the main control of the Shaanxi and Gansu Rivers; the cold and cold prevention and control of the Bohai Sea and the Third District; the Fourth District of the Yangtze River Basin, and the Fifth District of the Western Plateau. Due to the climate differences, the occurrence rules of the branch ringworm disease and fruit ringworm disease in these areas are very different, and different prevention and control methods must be adopted to prevent and control the disease. The following example will focus on prevention and control of the second district in the Bohai Sea, Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces, focusing on the occurrence of apple ring stem disease and fruit ring rot disease. The main areas for prevention and control of the Second District include Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Shaanxi and other seven provinces and municipalities. In this region, as an annual branch, the ringworm pathogen invaded from the skin pores, and in the second year it expanded into a diseased tumor. In the third year, the diseased tumor was generally formed as a center. In the third to the third year, the new ringworm lesions have the ability to produce large numbers of spores. After the spores mature, they encounter suitable conditions (suitable temperature and precipitation). The spores of the ringworm spores sporadically spores. . In the main area of ​​prevention and treatment of ring vein disease, the minimum temperature reached 5°C in 12 months and the first rainfall reached more than 6 to 10 hours. When the rainfall reached 13mm, spores peaked. Sporades sporadically invade new shoots or fruits and appear as a pathogen infestation peak. Then there were two relatively small peaks of sporulated spores from July to August, which also caused infection and damage to new shoots and fruits. V. The key to the new technology in preventing and treating apple ringworm disease is to master two important links. One is to master the best period of prevention and control. Eradication prevention was carried out at the peak of pathogen spore opening. The opening of the general spore device peak is after the first rainfall in May, waiting for the rain to stop, spores are spores in the opening of the spores when the use of drug control; second is the use of special effects of the agent. Use the ringworm fungicide, which has a good control effect on the ringworm disease, to control it. The use concentration must be different according to the apple variety. If it is a Fuji variety, it should be sprayed once with a 100-200-fold dilution of the whole tree. If it is a Golden Delicious strain, it can be sprayed once with a 300-fold dilution. The new prevention and control technology not only saves labor costs, but also increases the effectiveness of prevention and treatment. It is a good way to save money and increase efficiency. By the majority of fruit farmers welcome! The unit: Center for apple ring disease control in Tangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hebei Province
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