As the main weapon of prevention and cure of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine is related to the safety and efficacy of clinical medicine. Therefore, identification of traditional Chinese medicine is a crucial first step in the production, application and research of all traditional Chinese medicines.
Sima Qian, "Historical Records of the Three Imperial History of the" cloud: "Shen Nong to whip whip vegetation, began to taste a hundred herbs, there is medicine." Visible to discriminate the original drug-based grass, the origin of ancient medicine.
The first book of the Chinese herbal classic “The Classics†states: “The medicine has five flavors: acid, salty, sweet, bitter, and pungent. There are also cold, hot, warm, and cold. It is toxic, non-toxic, dry and exposed. During the month of production, the raw and cooked land is produced, and the authenticity and newness of the land are revealed, and each has its own laws. The differences in the medicines are different in nature and cannot be ignored.†Explaining the importance of medicine. From pre-historical verbal spread to the "Ben", from the "Outline" to today's "Chinese Materia Medica", the varieties and connotations of Chinese herbal medicines are greatly enriched and expanded, and the level of people's understanding of drugs also follows the development of science. Development has progressed with the progress of human civilization. Due to the wide variety of Chinese herbal medicines and Chinese herbal medicines, a wide range of producing areas and a long history of application, due to the differences in ancient herbal records, regional terms, and usage habits, similar products, substitutes, and non-governmental medicines continue to emerge, as well as the appearance of similar medicinal herbs, Lack of a variety of identification indicators and other factors, resulting in the same name foreign body. Confusions such as synonyms and commonalities are widespread, and even more unscrupulous traders, shoddy, false, or even counterfeit, fake sales, and omissions in management links, make it difficult to guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, seriously affecting the safety of clinical medications. effective. Just as Li Shizhen said: "If something has something to do with it, then it will be life-altering". Therefore, identification of medicinal herbs is still an important basic work.
The variety of Chinese herbal medicines is confusing, and it has existed since ancient times, such as "chaotic bed chaos, chaotic ginseng, and Du Heng chaos." In particular, the imbalances between Du Heng and Asarum are described in many herbal medicines. The Song Dynasty's "Ben Cao Yanyi" cloud: "Du Heng with roots, like Asarum, but the root color is white, leaves such as horseshoe, the market is often chaotic and ashamed, must be so different. "Er Ya" that is like Kwai and incense It is also true that Du Heng and Asarum are opposite to each other, and they will see the authenticity, but the state of affairs is as good as those of Huazhou and Liang, and Du Heng’s color is yellow and white, and the boxing is fragile and the team is dry.†In the Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen said in Xu Changqing: The ghost commander, and the one who has violated Duheng, have different abilities and different seedlings. Xu Changqing’s disorderly ghost command post has different seedlings and its functions are similar to those of Du Heng’s chaos and ashes. The chaos is too great to be judged."
(I) Causes of chaos in Chinese herbal medicine varieties:
(1) Herbal writings discuss the shape of medicinal materials as simple as ginseng: "The shape is long and yellow, like a wind, like a humanoid god," and there are bellflowers and ginseng. Another example is Di Ding: "Spring leaves have small flowers, open with purple and white two, straight as nails, medicine directly use the purple, it is purple Vidi," resulting in a variety of later generations.
(2) The appearance of herbs is similar, resulting in misidentification and misuse. For example, horse ginseng ginseng (Ganlan) root is filled with ginseng, feather-cracked crab grass tuber, canopy tuber and more gastrodia, Hetao rhubarb is filled with rhubarb, and ghosts are mistaken as clematis. Wait.
(3) When the supply of genuine medicinal materials is in short supply, there are often substitutes such as the use of Jiang Pu instead of Magnolia, and Sichuan Saffron on behalf of Safflower.
(4) Inconvenient transportation, blocking from north to south, and different language habits, local varieties often appear. For example, Tianzizi is the seed of Solanaceae, and Guangdong Province and other provinces use the seed of the Amaranthidae, also known as Nantian Fairy.
(5) The medicine is out of line, and the medicine is not right, such as Tao Hongjing, in the preface of the "Ben Cao Zai Zhu" Note: "The doctors (all) do not know the medicine, but they listen to the people of the city and the city people do not understand it. Homes, rulings, and punishments are unpredictable, such as purple ginseng, boxing ginseng, and restlessness, and they are not the same in terms of source, medicine, and indications, but they are often confused and cause the consequences of not taking medicine.
(6) Falsifications are false, and the more precious and noble the goods are, the more products are fake, such as American ginseng, ginseng, panax pseudoginseng, gastrodia, saffron, bezoar, musk, antelope horn, cordyceps, frankincense, blood, bird's nest, etc. Something is wrong with counterfeit goods.
(7) There are many aliases and local names in medicinal materials, and the boundary with the name of the plant is unclear. For example, there are 13 species in 4 genera in the Umbelliferae family, 5 species in the Araliaceae and 2 species in the B-genus, and there are more than 20 varieties of honeysuckle in the honeysuckle; There are more than one kind of stone brilliance in Shijiu, and there are several kinds of genus; there are more than 20 kinds of genus; there are several kinds of reptiles and compositae in the head of the tomb; Pulsatilla has ranunculaceae, compositae, Rosaceae 13 species. It is very common that similar foreign names or plants belonging to the same genus are used as medicinal materials.
As mentioned above, or with the same name as foreign object, or with the same name, or in the form of non-essential, or arbitrarily substituted, or drug is not right, or local protection, or false, all these will affect the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication, Worse still lives. Therefore, the identification of traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for the collection, processing, production, verification, trade, and application of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also the most basic link for the scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine.
(B) The basis and method of drug defense
(1) Basis and sampling method for identification of Chinese medicinal materials
The identification of Chinese medicinal materials is mainly based on the "Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" and the relevant national drug standards and local drug standards. For medicinal materials not included in the “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China†and at all levels of drug standards, identification and analysis can be conducted based on relevant reference books and materials.
For the identification of medicinal materials, should pay attention to the product name, origin, batch number, specifications, grade and packaging style before sampling, and check the integrity of the packaging, cleanliness, etc., detailed records.
Samples of herbs should be noted as representative. A large number of medicinal herbs should be selected from several batches and sampled from different parts of the batch. Liquid samples should be mixed and sampled. Valuable herbs should be sampled piece by piece. The number of samples must be taken into consideration not only for the need for adequate identification, but also for sample preservation for review. The sampling method can be found in the appendix of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of Chinaâ€
(2) The basic method of drug discrimination
The object of identification of traditional Chinese medicine is very complicated. There is a complete Chinese medicine (sold goods), with pieces, pieces, powders, as well as extracts and traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Can be based on different objects. Purpose, choose the appropriate method, and sometimes need several methods to use. There are six commonly used methods for identification of traditional Chinese medicines, namely, original plant identification - identification of primordial origin, trait identification, microscopic identification, physicochemical identification, bioassay, and quality analysis. Now outline one by one.
(3) Identification of the original plant of traditional Chinese medicine:
The method of taxonomy is used to determine the plant source of each medicinal material, that is, to identify its scientific name in order to clarify its position in the biological community. Medicinal materials, especially plant herbs, are mostly incomplete, often a part of the plant body, or a section, and it is generally difficult to identify the species. The original plant needs to be investigated, including in-depth field surveys, physical collection, observation, and recording of The plant morphology, especially the morphology of the reproductive organs, was checked against the literature; for example, "Flora of China", "Chinese Higher Plant Pictorials", "Chinese Herbal Medicine", "Chinese Dictionary of Herbs", "Medicine Science", "Pharmaceuticals", "Chinese Herbal Medicine" Identification Studies, etc., where possible, check specimens that have been accurately identified as scientific names. Based on the clarification of the primordium, the medicinal parts attached to the genus were described and identified, and reference references for other unknown and same-origin medicinal materials were provided.
Sima Qian, "Historical Records of the Three Imperial History of the" cloud: "Shen Nong to whip whip vegetation, began to taste a hundred herbs, there is medicine." Visible to discriminate the original drug-based grass, the origin of ancient medicine.
The first book of the Chinese herbal classic “The Classics†states: “The medicine has five flavors: acid, salty, sweet, bitter, and pungent. There are also cold, hot, warm, and cold. It is toxic, non-toxic, dry and exposed. During the month of production, the raw and cooked land is produced, and the authenticity and newness of the land are revealed, and each has its own laws. The differences in the medicines are different in nature and cannot be ignored.†Explaining the importance of medicine. From pre-historical verbal spread to the "Ben", from the "Outline" to today's "Chinese Materia Medica", the varieties and connotations of Chinese herbal medicines are greatly enriched and expanded, and the level of people's understanding of drugs also follows the development of science. Development has progressed with the progress of human civilization. Due to the wide variety of Chinese herbal medicines and Chinese herbal medicines, a wide range of producing areas and a long history of application, due to the differences in ancient herbal records, regional terms, and usage habits, similar products, substitutes, and non-governmental medicines continue to emerge, as well as the appearance of similar medicinal herbs, Lack of a variety of identification indicators and other factors, resulting in the same name foreign body. Confusions such as synonyms and commonalities are widespread, and even more unscrupulous traders, shoddy, false, or even counterfeit, fake sales, and omissions in management links, make it difficult to guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, seriously affecting the safety of clinical medications. effective. Just as Li Shizhen said: "If something has something to do with it, then it will be life-altering". Therefore, identification of medicinal herbs is still an important basic work.
The variety of Chinese herbal medicines is confusing, and it has existed since ancient times, such as "chaotic bed chaos, chaotic ginseng, and Du Heng chaos." In particular, the imbalances between Du Heng and Asarum are described in many herbal medicines. The Song Dynasty's "Ben Cao Yanyi" cloud: "Du Heng with roots, like Asarum, but the root color is white, leaves such as horseshoe, the market is often chaotic and ashamed, must be so different. "Er Ya" that is like Kwai and incense It is also true that Du Heng and Asarum are opposite to each other, and they will see the authenticity, but the state of affairs is as good as those of Huazhou and Liang, and Du Heng’s color is yellow and white, and the boxing is fragile and the team is dry.†In the Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen said in Xu Changqing: The ghost commander, and the one who has violated Duheng, have different abilities and different seedlings. Xu Changqing’s disorderly ghost command post has different seedlings and its functions are similar to those of Du Heng’s chaos and ashes. The chaos is too great to be judged."
(I) Causes of chaos in Chinese herbal medicine varieties:
(1) Herbal writings discuss the shape of medicinal materials as simple as ginseng: "The shape is long and yellow, like a wind, like a humanoid god," and there are bellflowers and ginseng. Another example is Di Ding: "Spring leaves have small flowers, open with purple and white two, straight as nails, medicine directly use the purple, it is purple Vidi," resulting in a variety of later generations.
(2) The appearance of herbs is similar, resulting in misidentification and misuse. For example, horse ginseng ginseng (Ganlan) root is filled with ginseng, feather-cracked crab grass tuber, canopy tuber and more gastrodia, Hetao rhubarb is filled with rhubarb, and ghosts are mistaken as clematis. Wait.
(3) When the supply of genuine medicinal materials is in short supply, there are often substitutes such as the use of Jiang Pu instead of Magnolia, and Sichuan Saffron on behalf of Safflower.
(4) Inconvenient transportation, blocking from north to south, and different language habits, local varieties often appear. For example, Tianzizi is the seed of Solanaceae, and Guangdong Province and other provinces use the seed of the Amaranthidae, also known as Nantian Fairy.
(5) The medicine is out of line, and the medicine is not right, such as Tao Hongjing, in the preface of the "Ben Cao Zai Zhu" Note: "The doctors (all) do not know the medicine, but they listen to the people of the city and the city people do not understand it. Homes, rulings, and punishments are unpredictable, such as purple ginseng, boxing ginseng, and restlessness, and they are not the same in terms of source, medicine, and indications, but they are often confused and cause the consequences of not taking medicine.
(6) Falsifications are false, and the more precious and noble the goods are, the more products are fake, such as American ginseng, ginseng, panax pseudoginseng, gastrodia, saffron, bezoar, musk, antelope horn, cordyceps, frankincense, blood, bird's nest, etc. Something is wrong with counterfeit goods.
(7) There are many aliases and local names in medicinal materials, and the boundary with the name of the plant is unclear. For example, there are 13 species in 4 genera in the Umbelliferae family, 5 species in the Araliaceae and 2 species in the B-genus, and there are more than 20 varieties of honeysuckle in the honeysuckle; There are more than one kind of stone brilliance in Shijiu, and there are several kinds of genus; there are more than 20 kinds of genus; there are several kinds of reptiles and compositae in the head of the tomb; Pulsatilla has ranunculaceae, compositae, Rosaceae 13 species. It is very common that similar foreign names or plants belonging to the same genus are used as medicinal materials.
As mentioned above, or with the same name as foreign object, or with the same name, or in the form of non-essential, or arbitrarily substituted, or drug is not right, or local protection, or false, all these will affect the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication, Worse still lives. Therefore, the identification of traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for the collection, processing, production, verification, trade, and application of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also the most basic link for the scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine.
(B) The basis and method of drug defense
(1) Basis and sampling method for identification of Chinese medicinal materials
The identification of Chinese medicinal materials is mainly based on the "Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" and the relevant national drug standards and local drug standards. For medicinal materials not included in the “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China†and at all levels of drug standards, identification and analysis can be conducted based on relevant reference books and materials.
For the identification of medicinal materials, should pay attention to the product name, origin, batch number, specifications, grade and packaging style before sampling, and check the integrity of the packaging, cleanliness, etc., detailed records.
Samples of herbs should be noted as representative. A large number of medicinal herbs should be selected from several batches and sampled from different parts of the batch. Liquid samples should be mixed and sampled. Valuable herbs should be sampled piece by piece. The number of samples must be taken into consideration not only for the need for adequate identification, but also for sample preservation for review. The sampling method can be found in the appendix of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of Chinaâ€
(2) The basic method of drug discrimination
The object of identification of traditional Chinese medicine is very complicated. There is a complete Chinese medicine (sold goods), with pieces, pieces, powders, as well as extracts and traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Can be based on different objects. Purpose, choose the appropriate method, and sometimes need several methods to use. There are six commonly used methods for identification of traditional Chinese medicines, namely, original plant identification - identification of primordial origin, trait identification, microscopic identification, physicochemical identification, bioassay, and quality analysis. Now outline one by one.
(3) Identification of the original plant of traditional Chinese medicine:
The method of taxonomy is used to determine the plant source of each medicinal material, that is, to identify its scientific name in order to clarify its position in the biological community. Medicinal materials, especially plant herbs, are mostly incomplete, often a part of the plant body, or a section, and it is generally difficult to identify the species. The original plant needs to be investigated, including in-depth field surveys, physical collection, observation, and recording of The plant morphology, especially the morphology of the reproductive organs, was checked against the literature; for example, "Flora of China", "Chinese Higher Plant Pictorials", "Chinese Herbal Medicine", "Chinese Dictionary of Herbs", "Medicine Science", "Pharmaceuticals", "Chinese Herbal Medicine" Identification Studies, etc., where possible, check specimens that have been accurately identified as scientific names. Based on the clarification of the primordium, the medicinal parts attached to the genus were described and identified, and reference references for other unknown and same-origin medicinal materials were provided.
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