| The basic operating techniques of animal experiments are experimental animals that control the microbes and parasites carried by them. The genetic background is clear or the source is clear. It is used in scientific research, teaching, production and verification, and other sciences. Experimental animals. These individuals have better genetic homogeneity, sensitivity to external stimuli, and experimental reproducibility.  First, the types and characteristics of commonly used experimental animals  (1) Dogs are mammals, carnivores, and canines. Its sense of smell, sight and hearing are very sensitive, and it has strong adaptability to the external environment. Digestion, circulation, and nervous system are both developed and similar to humans. It is suitable for teaching and clinical research work of various types of experimental surgery. It is one of the first choice animals for replicating animal models such as shock, DIC and atherosclerosis. Because of its high price, it is not as good as some small and medium animals in teaching experiments.  (2) Rabbits (rabbit) belong to the order of mammals, rodents, rabbits, and herbivores. The varieties include: livor blue rabbit, china white rabbit, New Zealand white rabbit and maximus ear white rabbit. It is characterized by temperament, sensitivity to temperature and easy intravenous injection. It is one of the most commonly used animals in teaching experiments. It can be used in blood pressure, respiration, urinary and other experiments, and can also be used for body temperature experiments and pyrogen research and identification.  (3) The rat is a mammalian, rodent or murine animal. Its temperament is fierce, likes biting, short reproductive cycle, strong resistance to disease, and acute cardiovascular response. For experiments with edema, shock, inflammation, cardiac insufficiency, renal insufficiency and stress response. Rats can't vomit, so they can't do vomiting experiments.  (4) The mouse is a mammalian, rodent or murine animal. It has the characteristics of short breeding cycle, high birth weight, fast growth, small size, gentle and easy to catch, and easy to raise. It is widely used in toxicological experiments, drug screening experiments, biopharmaceutical experiments, and cancer research, nutrition, genetics, and immune disease research.  (5) Guinea pig (cavy) is a mammalian, rodent, guinea pig. Also known as the squirrel, the Dutch pig. His temperament is docile, and his sense of smell and hearing are more developed. Sensitive to certain viruses, easy to cause allergic reactions. It is suitable for experimental research in pharmacology, nutrition, and various infectious diseases. Bacterial, viral diagnostic studies, allergies, allergic experimental studies and research on inner ear and auditory nerve diseases. Also commonly used in isolated heart experiments.  (6) Both frog and toad (frog and toad) are amphibians and arachnids. Often used in teaching experiments. The heart can still beat rhythmically after leaving the body. Often used in cardiac physiology, pharmacology and disease experiments. The frog tongue and mesentery are good specimens for observing changes in inflammation and microcirculation. In addition, frogs can also be used for experimental studies of edema and renal insufficiency.  Second, the strain of commonly used experimental animals  (1) Classification by genetic control  1. Inbred lines are both pure line animals (I line animals)  A genetically purified line that has been bred by a full-time sibling of 20 generations (or more), or (or mated with a progeny). All individuals in the line can be traced back to a common ancestor originating in the 20th or later algebra. This type of mating is more convenient and more used. The breeding of inbred lines of some experimental animals such as Mouse and Rat has greatly promoted the development of biomedical experimental research, especially for the progress of cancer research. People used to use "pure species" to call inbred lines.  2. Blocking nest animals  The experimental animal population that is produced by non-intimate mating is not only continuously propagated for more than 4 generations under the condition that no new individual is introduced from outside, and is called a closed group, or a distant group. Common blocking nest animals are: NIH mouse, Wistar rat, Hartley cavy and New Zealand white rabbits. Blocking nest animals have strong fertility and vitality, strong resistance to disease, long life and low production cost. Therefore, it is widely used in teaching and research experiments.  3. Cross uni-generation animals  The first generation of animals produced by the crossing of two different inbred lines is called cross uni-generation animals or F1 generation. It has both the characteristics of inbred line animals and the advantage of hybridization. Cross uni-generation animals have strong vitality, high reproductive rate, fast growth, strong body and strong disease resistance. It has the same experimental results as the inbred line animals. Also known as system crossability animals.  4. Mutational strain animals  In the breeding process, a mutation of a single gene is introduced, or a gene is introduced, or a plurality of backcrosses are used to establish a mutational strain. Such individuals have the same genetic defect or pathology. Such as obesity, dwarfism, muscle atrophy, cataract, retinal degeneration, hairless, etc., the mutational strains that have been cultivated naturally have certain diseases: leukemia mice, diabetic mice, tumor mice, anemia mice, hypertensive rats And nude mice (no thymus hairless), etc., these strains of animals are of great value for the study of the prevention and treatment of the corresponding diseases.  5. Non-pure series (no-sheer series)  Generally refers to hybrid breeding that is arbitrarily mated. These animals have the advantages of strong vitality, strong adaptability, high reproductive rate, fast growth, easy feeding and management. The disadvantages are large individual differences, irregular reactivity, and poor repeatability of experimental results. It is suitable for screening experiments because it contains the most sensitive and least sensitive individuals. Hybrids are more economical and most commonly used in teaching experiments.  (2) Classification by microbial control  According to the situation of other living organisms carried by experimental animals, the experimental animals in China are currently divided into four grades, namely: primary: common animals; secondary: clean animals; tertiary: no specific pathogens (SPF animals); Sterile animals (GF animals) and learned animals (GN animals).  1. Common animals: Animals that are kept in an open environment without the control of active micro-organisms and that do not carry zoonotic diseases and zoonotic infectious disease pathogens.  2. Clearing animals: Animals that do not carry pathogens that are harmful to animals and interfere with scientific research, except for pathogens that should be excluded from primary animals.  3. No specific pathogens (SPF animals)  Specific pathogen-free animals referred to as SPF animals: refers to pathogens that do not carry major potential infections or conditions and interfere with scientific experiments, except for pathogens that should be excluded from primary and secondary animals.  4. Sterile animal (GF)  It refers to an experimental animal in which no microorganisms or parasites can be detected on the body surface or in any part of the body. This animal is removed by laparotomy under sterile conditions. Feed under sterile, constant temperature, and constant humidity conditions. Food and drinks are all sterile.  5. Learned animals (GN)  Refers to an animal that has been transferred to one or several known microorganisms in a sterile animal.  The breeding and breeding conditions of the animals are complicated and expensive, so they are not suitable for teaching, but they are of great significance for some biomedical research.  Common animals and clean animals are often used for teaching experiments because of their lower prices.  Selection of experimental animals  First, the choice of species (genus excerpt)  Select the appropriate species for different experimental purposes. Animals of different species have different degrees of response to the stimulation of the same disease. For example, in the case of allergic reactions or allergic reactions, guinea pigs should be preferred, and rabbits and dogs should be selected for experiments with fever, pyrogen test, and antipyretic drugs. Home-free, rats are often used for hypertension research, and mice are suitable for experimental research on various types of tumors. In conclusion, when selecting experimental animals, animals whose structure, function and metabolism are close to humans should be selected as much as possible.  Second, the choice of strain (strain excerpt)  Different strains of the same animal react differently to the same pathogenic stimulator. For example, Jinbai II mice are prone to carcinogenesis, while Jinbai I mice are not easy to cause cancer.  Third, individual choice (individual excerpt)  Animals of the same strain also have individual differences in response to the same pathogenic stimuli, and this individual difference is often related to the age, sex, physiological condition, and health condition of the animal. )related.  l. Age Select animals of appropriate age according to the experimental requirements. Generally, juvenile animals are more sensitive than adult animals. Adult animals are used in acute experiments. It is best to use younger animals in chronic experiments to reduce the age difference of the same batch of animals, which can increase the correctness of the experimental results.  2. Sex different sex animal animals respond differently to the same pathogenic factors. In experimental research, the sex of the animal should be selected according to different experiments. If there is no special requirement for the sex of the animal, the male and female should also be used in each group.  3. Physiological condition The specific physiological state of the animal should be considered when selecting an individual. Generally, pregnant and lactating animals should not be selected. 4. Health condition The health status of experimental animals is the basic guarantee for the success of the experiment. Experiments have shown that animals are in a state of weakness, hunger, cold, heat, disease, etc., and the experimental results are very unstable. Therefore, animals with poor health cannot be used for experiments.  To determine whether an animal is healthy, the following principles should be mastered:  1. The general state is well developed, the reaction is flexible, the appetite is good, the eyes are sneezing, there is no sneezing, and there is no secretion in the nasal mucosa.  2. Fur color animal skin should be smooth and soft, without hair loss, unkempt and fungal infection.  3. Abdominal breathing animals have a uniform abdominal breathing, no swelling and swelling, no secretions in the anus.  4. The claw-toed characteristic animal has no bites, ulcers, crusting, etc. |
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